Legal Drinking Age Essay Example for Free

Lawful Drinking Age Essay Individuals have consistently needed what they can't have. Beginning in 1984, this is the demeanor most administrators in America have taken as for underage drinking, since it was when numerous states changed their drinking age from eighteen to twenty-one. Administrators felt that in the event that you raised the drinking age, individuals could drink all the more capably, on the grounds that as you become more seasoned, your mind develops and with development comes duty. Despite the fact that this law, passed not so much as twenty years back, was made for the wellbeing of youthful grown-ups, individuals presently are contending to have the law come back to the age of eighteen. Numerous undergrads, educators and instructors have a great deal to state about this theme. From John McCardell, previous head of Middlebury College, to the Mother’s Against Drunk Driving Association, individuals have various perspectives on the duty that youthful grown-ups take with regards to liquor. A few people, who see that you ought to have the option to drink when you are a lawful grown-up, gather measurements about auto collisions, passings identified with liquor utilization, and hitting the bottle hard. Other people who restrict this adjustment in age gather comparative information yet there is a turn on the data that they get. When settling on choices about laws, individuals need to think about every single imaginable circumstance. Since not just legislators have association in this issue, they need to consider each and every individual who will be influenced, regardless of whether it is individuals from the age of twenty-one or more established or eighteen or more seasoned. In changing the base legitimate drinking age to eighteen, the legislators would allow grown-ups with the perfect of equity. Since they are grown-ups, they would be given equivalent thought and be dealt with absolutely as grown-ups. Likewise, having confidence in these youthful grown-ups awards them with duty, driving them to grow up more rapidly while still in their late high school years. By giving them duty, you need to consider the commitment of non-malficience, which is abstaining from doing injury to other people. On the off chance that a youthful grown-up got into an auto collision while affected by liquor, it would be that perso n’s flaw alongside the entirety of the liquor they lawfully expended. While concluding whether to bring down the base lawful drinking age, you need to consider that you don't have command over individuals. Ingraining confidence in our childhood, we need to believe that they will settle on shrewd choices. John McCardell, previous leader of Middlebury College, contends that if the MLDA was brought down to eighteen, that eighteen to twenty years olds could possibly drink on the off chance that they finished forty-two hours of guidance of the history, science, brain research and humanism of liquor. This class would likewise instruct the perils of liquor and what dangers there are on the off chance that somebody drank an exceedingly high measure of liquor. In the event that an individual eighteen or more established took this class, they would acquire an uncommon permit that would permit them to buy and devour liquor. Battling against McCardell, the Mother’s Against Drunk Driving Association says that â€Å"the sooner youth drink, the more probable they are to become liquor subordinate and to drive drunk† One approach to control this is have this program additionally remember sitting for on numerous Alcoholic Anonymous gatherings. When choosing, legislators need to consider the beliefs of development, potential, obligation, reasonableness and judiciousness. Abigail Baird, Assistant Professor of Physiological and Brain Sciences at Dartmouth College, examined nineteen minds of eighteen-year-old understudies. These understudies moved 100 miles to head off to college and lived without their families. The control to this investigation was a gathering of seventeen quarter century olds. Teacher Baird reached the resolution that the quarter century old cerebrum was increasingly developed, particularly in the districts of the mind known to incorporate feeling and perception, the zones that take data from our present body state and apply it for use in exploring the world. Development can run however. It is demonstrated that minds develop at various occasions. In spite of the fact that there isn't a test we can provide for decide the development of somebody, administrators need to impart trust and expectation in youthful grown-ups. The perfect of potential and judiciousness fit in with the way that officials can not without any assistance select who is sufficiently adult to lawfully devour liquor at eighteen years old. With progressively created minds at twenty-one, the hazard for alcoholic driving and settling on poor choices while impaired are lower. As per the Mother’s Against Drunk Driving Association, the MADD, an expected twenty-3,000 lives have been spared from the raised period of drinking since it the law was passed in 1984. Despite the fact that it has spared lives, McCardell says that â€Å"(raising the drinking age to twenty-one) constrained liquor utilization behind the shut entryways of quarters and club storm cellars. Continuously solo, done stealthily and time after time over the top, this style of drinking has no uncertainty been duty regarding the disturbing ascent in paces of supposed ‘binge’ drinking seen at colleges† Looking further into McCardell’s articulation, TIME magazine says that information doesn't show that hitting the bottle hard has deteriorated since states raised their drinking age. John Schulenberg of the University of Michigan and Jennifer Maggs of Penn State say, â€Å"During the previous two decades, in spite of numerous social, segment, political and financial changes†¦rates of successive substantial drinking among those ages nineteen to twenty-two have moved little.† Having the perfect of judiciousness, administrators need to mull over insights. They need to pick the choice of letting immature, multi year old personalities be permitted to devour and buy liquor, or to keep the law at twenty-one and break the beliefs of equity and reasonableness. Having the legitimate drinking age of twenty-one varieties affront for law by having such a large number of individuals break it, underestimates the job of instructing about liquor use and deigns the period of greater part. At the point when you turn eighteen in the United States, you can cast a ballot, enroll and battle in wars, sign agreements, wed, own organizations, serve in a jury and numerous different things. In most different societies, liquor utilization lawfully starts when you become a legitimate grown-up. As indicated by the Institute of Medicine, 90% of liquor devoured by eighteen to twenty years-olds is expended when the individual is engaged with overwhelming drinking. Having the lawful drinking age of twenty-one powers youthful grown-up and young drinking in secret with no oversight. This power originates from peer weight, media and watching what individuals more established than them do. Adolescents are pulled in to the rush, making them drink to an ever increasing extent. The results of hard-core boozing are startling and in some cases lethal. The utilization of liquor by underage Americans is normal. At the point when youngsters expend liquor, the way that they are accomplishing something illicit doesn't enter their thoughts. Since the law disallows youthful grown-ups from participating in a movement that normally mark adulthood, it energizes infringement and lack of respect of the law. As per Public Health Reports, two in each one thousand occurrences of underage savoring results captures. As indicated by the Journal of American College Health, youthful grown-ups who decide to unlawfully drink are drinking wildly. This over the top utilization has brought about hitting the bottle hard, putting youngsters at more serious danger of liquor harming, attack, sexual maltreatment, vandalism and liquor related fatalities. During the Prohibition in 1920, the way of life was moonshine, speakeasies and rumrunners. Over the most recent ten years, these demonstrations host been reflected however with barrel gatherings, lager pong and flip cup. Having the lawful drinking age stay at the age of twenty-one keeps youths from accessing liquor, spares lives by forestalling liquor related traffic fatalities from ages eighteen to twenty and shields pre-adult and youthful grown-up minds from the negative outcomes of liquor. The outcomes from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey say that early inception to liquor prompts long haul liquor issues. With the law set at twenty-one, it keeps liquor from getting under the control of the more youthful populace by making it unlawful to devour, buy and have liquor. Numerous secondary school understudies are shielded from this conceivable harm in light of the fact that their eighteen-year-old companions can't accepting liquor for them. As indicated by the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, individuals that drink in their immature years are bound to have liquor misuse gives later in their life. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration says that that the quantity of alcoholic driving fatalities among eighteen to twenty one year olds has diminished by thirteen percent since the time the law has been raised to twenty-one. That decrease in the course of the last more than two decades is from many variables, including more secure vehicles, expanded open familiarity with the threat of alcoholic driving, required safety belt laws, lower BAC limits and the utilization of assigned drivers, which is a term that didn't exist before the drinking age was brought up in 1984. Likewise, the youthful mind is influenced diversely by liquor than the cerebrum of a twenty-one year old. Having the drinking age of twenty-one will prompt a more beneficial populace by not permitting teenagers to get it. The American Journal of Psychiatry examined minds of youthful teenagers with liquor misuse issue and the cerebrums of non-drinking peers. The examination demonstrated that the minds of youthful young people with liquor misuse issue show lower paces of movement during memory undertakings and less created cerebrum structures than in their non-drinking peers. On the off chance that the legitimate drinking age stays as it is presently, America’s youth will be increasingly secured. A substitute answer for bringing down the age to eighteen and keeping the age at twenty-one is to just permit eighteen-year-olds

Visa para recibir tratamiento médico en Estados Unidos

Visa para recibir tratamiento mã ©dico en Estados Unidos Las personas extranjeras que residen habitualmente fuera de los Estados Unidos y que desean ingresar al paã ­s para recibir tratamiento mã ©dicoâ debenâ hacerlo con estatus de turista. Es decir, no roughage una visa mã ©dica o una visa humanitaria. En este artã ­culo se informa sobre las diferentes opciones para ingresar como turista en los Estados Unidos y los problemas que pueden surgir tanto a la hora de solicitar una visa como cuando ya se tiene y se debe evitar situaciones que nook lugar a su cancelaciã ³n,  incluidos los casos especã ­ficos de tener un bebã © en Estados Unidos cuando la mam tiene estatus migratorio de turista. Ingresar como turista en Estados Unidos para recibir tratamiento mã ©dico Las siguientes opciones no aplican a los ciudadanos canadienses, para quienes estn previstas otras  reglas. Para el resto de extranjeros estas child las opciones para ingresar como turista a los Estados Unidos: La primera opciã ³n y que va an aplicar a la mayorã ­a de los extranjeros, es sacar la visa de turista.â tambiã ©n conocida como visa B2,  de paseo o placer. En casos de urgencia para recibir el tratamiento mã ©dico, roughage un protocolo previsto en los consulados para resolver estas anxieties cuanto bets. Es muy comã ºn que cuando se ingresa con esta visa se reciba autorizaciã ³n para permanecer en los Estados Unidos 180 dã ­as, pero no siempre es asã ­. Por ello es importante verificar la fecha fijada en el I-94, conocido tambiã ©n como registro de ingreso y de salida. Nunca fiarse por la fecha de expiraciã ³n del visado, que realmente significa otra cosa. Si una vez que se est en el medical clinic la estancia necesita alargarse, puede pedirse una extensiã ³n. Los hospitales generalmente ayudan con este trmite. Si por razones de causa civic chairman no se saliã ³ de Estados Unidos a tiempo ni se pidiã ³ la extensiã ³n, podrã ­a en algunos casos pedirse la restauraciã ³n de estatus. Una segunda posibilidad sã ³lo posible para mexicanos o residentes permanentes en Mã ©xico que viven a lo largo de la frontera con Estados Unidos es ingresar con una visa lser, tambiã ©n conocida como tarjeta de cruce. En estos casos el lugar donde se puede recibir el tratamiento est limitado an un nã ºmero de millas a contar desde la lã ­nea fronteriza y tambiã ©n est restringido el nã ºmero de dã ­as que se puede permanecer en Estados Unidos. Y finalmente, una tercera posibilidad es entrar como turista sin visa, por un mximo no extensible de 90 dã ­as. Para ello es necesario ser ciudadano de uno de la treintena de paã ­ses que pertenecen al Programa de Exenciã ³n de Visas (VWP, por sus siglas en inglã ©s). Pero roughage que tener muy claro que la estancia no se puede alargar, bajo ninguna circunstancia, ms de tres meses a contar desde el dã ­a de entrada an EEUU. Si se llega por aviã ³n roughage que solicitar previamente una autorizaciã ³n para volar, que se conoce como ESTA. En estos momentos esta opciã ³n solo aplica a chilenos, espaã ±oles y tambiã ©n an algunas personas con doble nacionalidad y que por esa circunstancia uno de sus pasaportes es de un paã ­s incluido en el VWP. Problemas para ingresar an Estados Unidos como turista para recibir tratamiento mã ©dico En el caso de viajar sin visa por el programa que dispensa a los ciudadanos de 38 paã ­ses de este requisito los problemas pueden surgir de 2 formas. En preliminary lugar si un oficial de migraciã ³n en un puerto de entrada considera que no se tienen ingresos suficientes para recibir el tratamiento y existe un riesgo de que esa persona se convierta en una carga pà ºblica. En este caso se puede negar la entrada an Estados Unidos por ser inadmisible. El segundo problema puede surgir si los 90 dã ­as no child suficientes para completar el tratamiento mã ©dico y es que bajo ninguna circunstancia se puede sacar una visa en Estados Unidos o extender esa estancia de 3 meses. Por esta razã ³n se debe solicitar una visa de turista si el tratamiento va a durar ms tiempo, ya que debe evitarse quedar ms tiempo del permitido debido a sus graves consecuencias. En el caso de tener que solicitar una visa de turista los problemas pueden surgir ya al solicitarla. Es necesario ser considerado elegible para el visado y tambiã ©n admisible para ingresar a los Estados Unidos. Respecto an esto à ºltimo, es importante poder demostrar ingresos o recursos para costear el tratamiento. Roughage que evitar crear la sospecha de que se va a ser una carga econã ³mica para el gobierno de los Estados Unidos si la visa es aprobada.  Por lo tanto, estar en condiciã ³n de acreditar uno o varios de los siguientes medios de pago: Seguro mà ©dicoIngresos o patrimonio propio o familiarDinero aportado por el gobierno del paã ­s al que uno pertenece, una ONG nacional o extranjera, and so on. Ni las oficinas consulares de los Estados Unidos estn autorizadas a conceder visas para recibir tratamiento mã ©dico a personas que no pueden sufragar gastos mã ©dicos ni los hospitales van ha admitir ingresos sinâ asegurarse el pago. Una vez que se tiene la visa de turista, à ©sta puede ser cancelada o revocada por muchas causas. Pero la ms comã ºn es quedarse ms tiempo del permitido.  Asimismo, puede haber problemas por ingresar con demasiada frecuencia. Para evitarlo, llevar siempre prueba que acredite el tratamiento mã ©dico y el pago de facturas. El caso comã ºn de ingresarâ a Estados Unidos a tener un hijo Todos los dã ­as entran an EEUU decenas de mujeres extranjeras en las à ºltimas fases de sus embarazos para dar a luz, o como dicen en algunos paã ­ses, an aliviarse. Es una prctica comã ºn y lawful que brinda un gran beneficio: la ciudadanã ­a estadounidense para el bebã © que nace en Estados Unidos. Pero roughage que tener en cuenta ciertas circunstancias, para evitar problemas con el gobierno.â De interã ©s para los pacientes de cncer y sus familiares Las estadã ­sticas muestran que uno de los tratamientos que ms reciben en Estados Unidos los pacientes extranjeros tiene que ver con el cncer. Estos child los topâ 10 hospitalesâ para tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Muchos de ellos tienen un departamento dedicado an ayudar a los pacientes internacionales en sus gestiones y un servicio que habla espaã ±ol. Este es un artã ­culo informativo. No es asesorã ­a lawful.

MITE2S, RSI, and more

MITE2S, RSI, and more Today, Im in northern Virginia, assisting with the selection for the 2005 Research Science Institute (RSI). I arrived here late last evening after a day of reviewing applications to MITE2S. As an admissions officer, I enjoy working to provide a group of young people with educational opportunities. It is always interesting to read your stories, to learn more about you and your lives. Because I do not work for the CEE or for MITE2S, I cant talk too much about the selection process or answer any questions about it. But I can assure those of you who applied to these programs that your applications are being treated thoughtfully. Also, know that not being admitted to one of these programs does not mean that you wont be admitted to MIT both programs admit only a small number of students, while MIT aims for a freshman class of nearly 1000 students each year (in other words, even if youre not admitted, I still hope youll apply next year, as many of you are really awesome!). Conversely, being admitted to one of these programs does not mean you will necessarily be admitted to MIT. My travels frequently mean missing cool events at MIT, and this trip is no different. Last night, I missed the lastest from MITs Nobel Laureate Lecture Series, this time with MITs own Prof. Frank Wilczek. And tonight, Im missing a lecture I was even more excited about with architect Santiago Calatrava, whose work I think is really cool. I just got a phone call from some folks who are there, and apparently the line stretched nearly half the length of the Infinite Corridor (does this mean the line was infinitely long?), and the room is packed full. Ill be back in the office tomorrow, assisting with the last parts of our process before decisions are made final and mailed out on Friday!

Mineral Luster Examples and Information

The Benefits of School Unifroms Essay - 628 Words

Is it necessary to buy new clothes each month to keep up with the trends? Would it be easier if you knew exactly what you have to wear every morning? It would be if schools required uniforms School uniforms are a great help to students in many ways. Uniforms help to prevent bullying and harassment, save money for parents, and kids won’t have to worry if what they are wearing follows the dress code. School uniforms have recently become more popular in modern times because it help children focus on their schoolwork without the distraction of whether or not their clothes are cool enough. Kids want to fit in with the popular crowd, and by having â€Å"cool† and â€Å"in-style† clothing, they feel more validation from their peers. Meanwhile, their†¦show more content†¦This saves money for the parent and in turn, helps the child stay focused on school. Students will try to wear things that might not be necessary, or even a waste of money. They might try to wear hats and jewelry, which they do not need to perform in school. Excess jewelry and accessories are just another distraction for students. Sure, uniforms may be expensive for parents to buy at first, but think about all the money that they will save throughout the school year, not buying new clothes for their kids every month. Schools will be able to sell the uniforms directly to the kids and be able to m ake money that will in turn help benefit other programs in the school. All schools have certain dress codes that students need to follow. If the school is selling uniforms, they can make all the clothes the right lengths and styles. Schools will be able to know instantly if the children’s clothes follow the dress code if the kids wear uniforms. If a school’s dress code states that children cannot wear shorts that are more than two inches above the knee, the school can have the uniforms sized that they will never be more than two inches over the knee. The same applies with shirts, pants, sweaters, etcetera. Some might argue that students will want to be able to wear hats and accessories for fun sometimes- I see no problem in this! Schools could have certain days that kids can wear regular clothes instead of uniforms. These days can be holidays, such as

Advices for Those who marry Free Essays

Marriage is the institution under which man and woman become legally united in a permanent basis, or it is an intimate linking together (New Webster Dictionary, International Edtion, 2004) Marriage is a life _ long, serious commitment that needs to be made between two people who are very sure about exactly what they are getting into (Romance Class. com Advice). Marriage life is a long term relationships and death is the only way that can make the man and woman separate from each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Advices for Those who marry or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s very important that once u get married both the man and woman is ready and capable enough to face the challenges they may tackle in life. Body of the Paper This paper will discuss on the possible don’t for marriage and their possible advices like for instance: Before entering into marriage life, a man and a woman must think it over and over again if they are already in the right age to become a father and a mother of their future children. It is very common nowadays that people who are together for a long period of time and suddenly to have their relationships change and ended over the years. One of the possible causes of don’ts or failure of marriage is the marrying at early age; teenagers get married just because of hot passion of love and emotions, not thinking what will happen to their marriage life in the future. Mostly of the married couples in their early age will not prosper and some lead to separation. Marriage should never ever involve someone pressuring the other, like in the Islam religions it is their parents who will choose who will be the future husband or wife of their children’s, and they are force to marry in their early age because they don’t have choice but to follow, this marriages just resulted to break ups and separation. In marriage, one of the important factors is the relationship that also needs a ton of work to keep it going. While it’s easy in the early days to coast on the rush of passion, it’s much harder as it goes on to maintain the relationship between the husband and the wife. (Romance Class. com Advice). People don’t take breaks or break up when they’re happy but if something was wrong that will lead to destructive conclusion. One of the most important things in marriage is the ability to work through problems and actively address issues on how to resolve it successfully to preserve marriage. People should not be married if she\ he don’t have patience because marriage life will runs thin when we are in a hurry and want things instantly or right now; especially when it comes to love, Love is patience and kind. It is very important to know ourselves first before we try to get to know someone else too intimately, being a couple both of them must be open to each other, and must share all the happiness and frustration in life. The wrong time would be when you are marrying just to please someone else, but not yourself. Remember that you are the driving force in your own life, when you lose control or give up that responsibility to someone else, disaster will surely follow and you will be the one to suffer for the rest of your life. Some basic attributes that will help strengthen or tear down your marriage. As simple as they are, they are easily set aside or overlooked. So let’s take a look and get a good reminder right now of the important â€Å"do’s† and â€Å"don’ts† in a marriage. Do pray, a couple that prays together connects on an emotional level. You unite in your beliefs and values; therefore you bond emotionally and spiritually. Do show affection, play and laugh Marriage should be fun! There’s enough work involved. Don’t forget to enjoy each other in addition to sharing the work load. Do encourage each other, just because you are married doesn’t mean you or your spouse don’t need encouragement. We all do. Hearing that someone believes in you or is encouraging something that is important to you, makes all the difference in the world in how you feel about yourself and them. Do invest time in your relationship; the toughest obstacle for parents is finding time alone together. Make sure you do. Whether it’s an hour locked away together before bed time or a set date night†¦ find what works for your situation. Don’t refuse to forgive, we teach our children to forgive, so should we! Some hurts take longer to heal than others, but grudges and resentments only push away love. Don’t snipe; sarcasm is the biggest disease in our homes these days. And it can be painful! Sniping and making sarcastic comments never builds up a home or a marriage. Work now at breaking this harmful habit. Don’t compare, your husband may not be like your friend’s husband, but hey, you’re not like your friend either! We all have strengths and weaknesses. Comparing only enhances the weaknesses instead of boosting the strengths. And it’s never fair to anyone. Don’t criticize, we all make mistakes. Give each other some room. Doesn’t play the blame game, we all do this? Why is it so tough to say, â€Å"I’m Sorry†? Blaming never solves the issue at hand – it only divides you as a couple. Don’t want to personally win, Marriage is a team. You should be on the same side. Don’t yell and fight so hard, Disagreeing and arguing is bound to come to every marriage. But when you start the trend of yelling, slamming doors, etc – that can become a habit that ends up crippling communication. Learn to be constructive and practical when you disagree or take a time out until your emotions calm a little (Christian –Parent, Focusing on Family Values). Conclusion â€Å"Every one of us is entitled to be happy† but marriage life is not an answer for that saying. Before planning or entering marriage we have to consider many things, we have to ask guidance from our parents and especially to our creator if we are ready or not to face the biggest challenges that we in life. Marriage life is more successful if it is done in the right time, if both are emotionally stable, and if both are financially ready for their children’s to come, because the only way a relationships can work smoothly if both people was actively work to reach the goals they want to achieve. References Romance Class. com Advice, Retrieved December 9. 2006 from http:// www. romanceclass. com\miscr\advice\653 Sanchez Dionna, Do’s and Don’ts of Marriage Retrieved December 9, 2006 from http://www. christian-parent. com/marriage/062605a. shtml Sister’s Advice, Retrieved December 6, 2006 from http://www. advicesisters. net\gifts%20jpegs\Doubletakee\dt- When the right ones come along, Retrieved December 9, 2006 from not ready towed. http;\\www. datingtop. net\advice\article. php? id=7 How to cite Advices for Those who marry, Papers

Issue of Online Recruitment Process-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the issues of Online Recruitment Process. Answer: Background of the issue Online recruitment is regarded as one of the latest trend in the recruitment process and it has been widely used by many organizations. An important issue of online recruitment process is the ambiguity of the employees. There are some advantages of meeting the employees and employing them via an interview. Although the Internet has made the process much easier and less time consuming but there are certain hidden traits and characteristics of the people that are difficult to examine without interviewing the person via a face-to-face interview. In such cases, there is an increased chance of hiring such an individual who does not fit for that particular job role. The organization fails to judge the personality and quality of the candidates when they hire the employees via online mode. The management or the HR professional misinterprets the ability of the applicants while conducting the interview via online source. In certain cases, the qualified candidates with relevant years of experie nce are excluded from the selection process because they cannot describe their skills and qualifications on their resume (Sivertzen, Nilsen Olafsen, 2013). Importance and extent of the issue It becomes difficult to check the skills of the employees if the organization recruits via online recruitment. As there are many resumes for a single post, it becomes difficult for the company to choose the right candidates for the right post. It has also been found that the recruiters overlook the qualified employees and they focus on those candidates who submit their resume through online application. It has been found that the increasing popularity of online recruitment is excluding the potential candidates. The potential candidates have worked through the traditional method and they are not comfortable with the online process and thus they are eliminated from the process (Golder Macy, 2014). It becomes difficult to check the quality of the candidates through the use of web tools. There are many organizations have reported that they are getting unqualified people through online recruitment. As online recruitment requires less time and money, the candidates who are interested or a pply for the job finds its cost effective and they apply for the post without having the relevant qualifications. The employers receive the applications from the unqualified candidates who are not ideally fit or interested for the position. The company must apply the correct screening strategy to select the correct candidates and thus it makes the application process more efficient. Online recruitment also makes it difficult for the employers to read or understand the body language of the employees. This is possible in face-to-face interviews (Brandon et al., 2013). The employees also have to send detailed information of their personal information and this will possess a security risk for them. Moreover, many recruiters use encrypted online application for the promotion of safety and security of the entire process. The companies also fails o remove the outdated job postings for the positions on their websites that have already been filled. This happens due to the miscommunication between the human resource personals. Online recruitment also does not allow the employers to understand the behavior of the candidates who are applying for the particular position (Kavanagh Johnson, 2017). This is more evident for the employers if they recruit the employees through interview process. On the other hand, the applicant is also not able to speak directly to the representatives of the company if they are recruited through online process. This communication gap creates confusion and ambiguity and thus it hamper the morale of the candidates. It is often seen that in certain positions, one-to-one meeting of the candidates plays an important role and in this case online recruitment is considered as disadvantageous (Salmons,2014). Method of research into the issue The research will be conducted keeping in view the time factor. The research must be unbiased and it must not favour the employees or the employers. The researcher must not disclose the internal information or data of the employers to any third party organizations while carrying out the research. Confidentiality plays an important role in this aspect. The researcher must maintain ethical responsibility while carrying out the research (Becchetti, Ciciretti and Giovannelli, 2013). Results of the research It has been found that online recruitment is a challenge for the human resource professionals. The efficiency and the unparalleled access of the internet is posing a threat for the human resource professionals. There exists a huge communication gap between the employers and the employees in online recruitment. The potential candidates are not selected for the correct profile and the job role because they are not familiar with the latest technological process. It also becomes difficult to measure the skills of the employees when the employers hire through online mode (Salmons,2014). The quality of the candidates cannot be accessed through the web tools. It becomes difficult to judge the body language of the employees as this plays an important role in the recruitment process. The employees also face the same problem because they cannot speak or convey their ideas when they are hired through online process. Thus, it can be said that there is high chance of hiring a candidate who is not fit for the job position through online recruitment (Kavanagh Johnson, 2017). Recommendation As it becomes difficult to judge the employees and hire them via the internet, it is important to conduct a face-to-face screening process before hiring them directly and relying upon their previous experience or their educational qualification. If the candidate cannot visit the company, then an interview must be conducted via Skype or other modes of videoconferencing. Although there is no such direct alternative of face-to-face recruitment, but video conferencing will be beneficial to some extent. As it is important to know the person before hiring him/her for a particular position in the company, the recruiter must conduct capability testing. This will help to test the candidates capability on a realistic basis and the HR can judge the capability of the employees. Thus, it can be said that it is vital to conduct a close interview of the candidates before hiring them through online process. References Becchetti, L., Ciciretti, R., Giovannelli, A. (2013). Corporate social responsibility and earnings forecasting unbiasedness.Journal of Banking Finance,37(9), 3654-3668. Brandon, D. M., Long, J. H., Loraas, T. M., Mueller-Phillips, J., Vansant, B. (2013). Online instrument delivery and participant recruitment services: Emerging opportunities for behavioral accounting research.Behavioral Research in Accounting,26(1), 1-23. Golder, S. A., Macy, M. W. (2014). Digital footprints: Opportunities and challenges for online social research.Annual Review of Sociology,40. Kavanagh, M. J., Johnson, R. D. (Eds.). (2017).Human resource information systems: Basics, applications, and future directions. Sage Publications. Salmons, J. (2014).Qualitative online interviews: Strategies, design, and skills. Sage Publications. Sivertzen, A. M., Nilsen, E. R., Olafsen, A. H. (2013). Employer branding: employer attractiveness and the use of social media.Journal of Product Brand Management,22(7), 473-483.

The Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement in its modern form was characteristic for the development of the American society during the period of the 1950s-1980s. The movement was started as the reaction of the African Americans to the social segregation and discrimination.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Civil Rights Movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The protests against segregation and discrimination were actively supported by the public, and President Kennedy initiated the discussion of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to stop racial discrimination in the American society. Although the positive role of the Civil Rights Movement for changing the role of the African Americans in the American society is visible, this topic is also essential to be discussed because the movement for the African Americans’ rights provoked the associated movements against the social and gender inequality. Thus, many effects of the Civil Rights Movement are observed in the modern American society which develops resolving the challenging questions of racism and inequality. That is why, this research aims to answer an important question: What modern effects of the Civil Rights Movement related to the issues of racism, discrimination, and inequality can be noticed in the present-day American society? To explain the effects of the Civil Rights Movement from the sociological perspectives, it is necessary to refer to the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist theories. Many modern researchers focus on the functionalist perspective and agree that the Civil Rights Movement influenced the society positively, and these effects can be observed today because the society is transformed, the problems of racism and inequality are discussed openly; referring to the conflict perspective, it is possible to note that discrimination is illegal, and the principle of the social justice and gender equality are followed. Fo llowing the functionalist perspective, it is essential to state that the society develops as the whole composed of connected parts which should interact according to the idea of social balance.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From this perspective, the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-1960s caused the development of many other social movements oriented to protecting women, sexual minorities, and workers’ rights, and these movements contributed to maintaining the necessary social equilibrium. According to Isaac and Christiansen, ascendant social movements and modern protests can contribute to advancing the results of the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century because the principles of the social justice are re-thought and followed according to the tendencies of the new transformed society (Isaac Christiansen, 2002, p. 724-725). Referring to the principle of social interconnectedness, the authors conducted the quantitative research on the connection between the Civil Rights Movement and changes in the labor militancy, and they concluded that the Civil Rights Movement’s methods can also be successfully followed today (Isaac Christiansen, 2002). As a result, the Civil Rights Movement can be discussed as the functional element because it influenced the radical transformation of the American society leading to the social stability and to actual changes in the social positions of the African Americans. It is important to note that today the issues of racial discrimination are observed rarely because the social vision of the problem changed as a result of the Civil Rights Movement, and these consequences are the manifest functions, according to the functionalist theory. The concept of racial discrimination is contrasting to the ideas of social openness, tolerance, and flexibility. These ideas play an essential role in the modern Ameri can society, and they serve to support the notions of equality and justice. Thus, the manifest functions are in the improvement of the social status of the African Americans, their education and career opportunities and in the improvement of the women’s status, their employment opportunities, and changes in roles division. The changed opinions of the modern Americans on the issues of gender, race, and ethnicity can be discussed as latent functions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Civil Rights Movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These ideas are reflected in the work of Michael Ezra, the professor of American multicultural studies, who state that the Civil Rights Movement is the radical shift in the development of the American society, and the functional consequences of this reform for the social visions can be observed during a long period of time (Ezra, 2009, p. 118-119). In spite of th e fact that Ezra pays much attention to the role of the Civil Rights Movement for the development of the idea of equality in relation to the African Americans, it is possible to agree with the author regarding the discussion of the movement’s positive effects on the current situation in the contemporary American society. One of the main positive effects of the Civil Rights Movement related to the progress of the modern American society is the concentration of the public’s attention on the issues of gender inequality. According to the conflict perspective, the competition of the different groups is the fundament for the social development. In his work, Caulfield states that the Civil Rights Movement contributed to drawing the public’s attention to the problem of the African Americans in general and African American women in particular (Caulfield, 2011, p. 25). Thus, the movement contributed to empowering women and to developing the idea of gender equality. From t his point, women organized the movement for their rights to oppose the principles of the patriarchal society because of their conflicting interests and associated gender inequality. That is why, following the conflict perspective and Caulfield’s conclusions, it is possible to state that the positive effect of the women’s empowerment observed in the American society today is the consequence of the significant social conflict known as the Civil Rights Movement. The American society in its new transformed variant demonstrates the example of how the Civil Rights Movement can lead to the prolonged positive effects, but these effects are the results of many protests, demonstrations, and manifestations which are symbols of the social conflict.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conflict perspective can be applied to discussing the work by Olzak and Ryo. According to the authors, the effectiveness of the Civil Rights Movement depends on the goal diversity and on the variety of the used techniques and methods and on the range of expected outcomes (Olzak Ryo, 2007, p. 1580). Goal and tactical diversity led to the significant positive outcomes of the movement, and these outcomes can be observed even today, but this diversity supports the idea that the interests of diverse groups were met during the Civil Rights Movement. In this case, the social power belongs to the white Americans and males, when women, African Americans, and sexual minorities are the representatives of the lower classes which oppose to the current state. However, the conflict resulted in the positive effects for such categories of the population as African Americans, women, and sexual minorities because their role in the American society was changed.  Interactionism is focused on the role of people’s interactions for the social development. Referring to the micro-sociological level, it is possible to note that the effects of the Civil Rights Movement are in the provision of the opportunity to live in the transformed society where the principles of the social justice and equality work while determining the people’s interactions in groups and communities because racial or gender discrimination and segregation can influence people individually. Although Andrews discusses the issue of the social movement with references to the period of the 1960s-1970s, in his work, the author also supports the idea of significance of the Civil Rights Movement for the further progress of the society in relation to changing the principles of the people’s interactions (Andrews, 2001, p. 72). In this case, it is also essential to state that the actual results of the Civil Rights Movement can be observed more clearly today because it is possible to conclude now whet her African Americans and white Americans interact according to the ideals of equality and justice, and whether women and men have equal rights. Although there is the range of quantitative and qualitative studies on the effects of the Civil Rights Movement on the American society, the authors of these studies choose to concentrate on the short-term or immediate effects of the movement on changes in the social position of the African Americans or women. Moreover, referring to the existing literature on the topic, it is possible to note that it is rather difficult to answer this question in detail or with the focus on the numerical evidence, while following the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives. The authors are inclined to refer to the statistics and studies’ factual findings, but the answer to the research question is still based on the results provided in the qualitative researches. From this point, it is possible to answer whether the effects of the Ci vil Rights Movement on the modern American society are positive or negative. The researches reviewed in this paper provide the general answer to this question. The authors of the reviewed works are inclined to argue that the Civil Rights Movement influenced the American society positively, and these positive effects can be observed even today while referring to the analysis of the modern position of the women, African Americans, and sexual minorities in the American society. Racial discrimination and issues of inequality are discussed in the modern society openly, and many efforts are made to resolve these issues which were hushed up before the Civil Rights Movement’s development. Thus, following the functionalist perspective, it is possible to state that the Civil Rights Movement’s effects on the modern American society are functional or mainly positive because the cases of racism are observed in the American community more rarely, the issue of segregation is not disc ussed today, and the public is active to double the efforts in relation to resolving the issues of racial and gender discrimination. Furthermore, today, the public is active to promote the ideals of the social justice and equality, and women and African Americans have the opportunity to take the same positions as the white people or males. These changes can be explained with references to the conflict theory. From these perspectives, the implications of the research are in stating the direct connection between the positive results of the Civil Rights Movement and current situation in the modern American society. Nevertheless, the direction for the future research should be associated with finding the numerical data and evidence to support the idea that the observed positive transformation of the American society into more tolerant and democratic one is the result of the Civil Rights Movement. References Andrews, K. (2001). Social movements and policy implementation. American Sociolo gical Review, 66(1), 71-95. Caulfield, B. (2011). Civil rights revisited: The growing African American pro-life movement. The Human Life Review, 37(2), 25-29. Ezra, M. (2009). Civil Rights Movement: People and perspectives. USA: ABC-CLIO. Isaac, L., Christiansen, L. (2002). How the Civil Rights Movement revitalized labor militancy. American Sociological Review, 67(6), 722-746. Olzak, S., Ryo, E. (2007). Organizational diversity, vitality and outcomes in the Civil Rights Movement. Social Forces, 85(4), 1561-1591. This research paper on The Civil Rights Movement was written and submitted by user Kallie Riggs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

AidsCause and Effect essays

AidsCause and Effect essays In 1981, a new fatal, infectious disease was diagnosedAIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome). It began in major cities, such as New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and San Francisco. People, mostly homosexual men and intravenous drug users, were dying from very rare lung infections or from a cancer known as Kaposis sarcoma. They have not seen people getting these diseases in numerous years. Soon, it also affected hemophiliacs, blood recipients, prostitutes and their customers, and babies born from AIDS-infected women. AIDS was soon recognized as a worldwide health emergency, and as a fatal disease with no known cure, that quickly became an epidemic. When high-profile victims began to contract the virus, such as basketball star Magic Johnson, the feeling spread quickly that anyone, not just particular groups of people, could be at risk. AIDS impairs the human bodys immune system and leaves the victim susceptible to various infections. With new research, scientists think that the disease was first contracted through a certain type of green monkey in Africa, then somehow mutated into a virus that a human could get. AIDS is a complicated illness that may involve several phases. It is caused by a virus that can be passed from person to person. This virus is called HIV, or Human Immuno-deficiency Virus. In order for HIV to become full-blown AIDS, your T-cell count (number of a special type of white-blood cells that fight off diseases) has to drop below 200, or you have to get one of the symptoms of an AIDS-induced infection. Most people recently infected by the AIDS virus look and feel healthy. They may not show symptoms for several years, but the condition is eventually fatal. Even though one might not know that they have this deathly disease, and remain apparently healthy, they can still pass it along to others, and they then pass it on to others, etc, until an abundant amount of people are infected. Sym...

Business Scenario Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Scenario - Statistics Project Example The objective of this report is to present rationale and cost-benefit analysis of proposed project for potential creditors and enable the owners of the firm to get loan to fund this project. The report is structured in several key parts. The first section provides a brief overview of the business followed with an overview of the business. The next section introduces business analysis, whereas there are identified major business functions and current problems. Furthermore, the report presents an overview of team management approach and analysis of the main business processes within an organisation. There are defined the types of new ICT and projected key improvements in business processes. The next section is devoted to customer relationship database design, followed by project plan and budget sections. Last section is concluding part of the report. The company operates in tourism industry acting as a travel agent. The company acts as an intermediary between suppliers of various services such as airlines, hotels, package tours, etc. and final consumers. The company has developed a great customer database as it usually ensures high quality of service and has a good understanding of customers’ needs. Moreover, the company has well-established positive reputation among both suppliers/partners and customers, which serves a good basis for sustainable business. However, with the development of IT, more consumers are empowered to book their tours and to buy airline tickets directly without involvement of tour agents. Firm’s suppliers also have switched already to new forms of communication and business interactions. Currently the company operates four locations in the same city, but the management has a strategic plan to expand business adding 10 new locations across other cities in the next 5 years. In order to stay in business and achieve business expansion plans, it is important to adopt new technology and integrate it

The Nature and Scope of Fraud and Fakery in International Business Term Paper

The Nature and Scope of Fraud and Fakery in International Business - Term Paper Example Before understanding the nature and scope of fraud and activities related to it, it is important to understand what is meant by the term â€Å"Fraud†. In its simplest meanings, fraud can be considered an act of deceiving another with the intention of gaining something as a result. Fraud is illegal because it involves misrepresentation, deception, and trickery. It is pertinent to distinguish fraud from errors considered as unintentional (Singleton & Singleton, 2010; Davia, Coggins, Wideman, & Kastantin, 1992; Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, & Zimelman, 2009). As for instance, incorrectly entering the wrong amount in an invoice and receiving or giving incorrect amount by mistake does not account for fraud. In fact, it is the thought of deception which distinguishes a mistake from a fraud. The Oxford Dictionary defines fraud as: On the other hand, the government of UK on its official website has provided a broad definition of fraud in relation to international trade. The definition provided by the government of UK is as follows: Apart from these definitions, another version of the definition for fraud is provided in the Webster Dictionary, which seems to be more explanatory, simple and convincing. The definition is as follows: â€Å"In law, the deliberate misrepresentation of fact for the purpose  of depriving someone of a valuable possession or legal right. Any omission or concealment that is injurious to another or that allows a person to take unconscionable advantage of another may constitute criminal fraud. The most common type of fraud is the obtaining of property by giving a check for which there are insufficient funds in the signer's account. Another is the assumption of someone else's or a fictitious identity with the intent to deceive. Also important are mail and wire fraud (fraud committed by use of the postal service or electronic devices, such as telephones or computers).†Ã‚  

Management Skills in Security

Management Skills in Security Security Management Introduction Although historically security has experienced a relatively low priority in the corporation’s management structure, post the incidents of 9/11 in the US and 7/7 in the UK this situation has changed dramatically. Therefore, the position and skills of security managers is being looked at in a new light. Within this study, the intention is to address the question of whether managerial skills are of more importance than specialist knowledge for security managers. It is the author’s opinion that the likely conclusion of the research undertaken is that, although managerial skills are of paramount importance to a security manager, because of the delicacy of their position a high level of specialist skills are also essential. Security issues Essentially, security is deemed as being a â€Å"protector of resources† (van der Bijl 2005, p.75). As such, its task is to defend a business against loss, theft and damage. This task includes all areas of the operation, including systems, equipment, property, employees and customers. In the commercial sense, this protection level also extends to the future profitability of sensitive data controlled by the business. The security threat to any organisation manifests itself in a number of ways. In the physical sense burglary, criminal damage and attacks against the employee or customer can be a major problem, particular with an organisation such as the NHS (van der Bijl 2005, p.75), where of necessity there is a high degree of open access. In the non-physical sense there is the potential, particularly with the growth of information technology, for a growth in thefts of personal records, business data, damage, and disruption to internal systems. Incidents in any of these areas will have a significant impact upon the organisation in terms of trust, confidence and cost. Addressing these issues, particularly in larger organisations, requires the business to design and implement a security strategy that is efficient and achieves the desired goals. For this strategy to be effective there is a need for a managerial structure that is able to discern the resources required, including personnel, their tasks, operational procedures and deployment. Managerial duties In general terms, the role of a manager is to ensure the achievement of the objectives that have been set, either by directive from higher management or those outlined within his or her job description. This will include strategic planning, organising and coordinating the tasks, then monitoring and controlling the outcome. Therefore, it is important that the manager possesses the relevant personal and knowledge abilities to complete these tasks (Cowling and Mailer 2004, p.50). Although in many ways the duties of a security manager is similar to that of any other managerial position within the business, their role is defined by the specific sector and culture they are working in (Easterby-Smith and Lyle 2003, p.235). Because of the uniqueness of their position, a security manager’s initial task will be concentrated upon assessing the risk. Before a strategy can be developed, he or she will need to ascertain the nature, location and degree of any potential breaches of security. For example, if it is a physical danger they will need to know where the likelihood of this occurring is; what preventative measures, such as CCTV are in place, and how effective they are. Similarly, in areas such as information technology, the manager will need to assess whether existing protective IT measures are sufficient or in need of improvement. Risk assessment in security requires a high level of expertise and, although this can be undertaken by the use of outside consu ltants, it is equally important that the security manager has a reasonable level of relevant skills, as without these there is an increased potential for strategy failure (can der Bijl 2005, p.77). Only if the manager has some understanding of the risk assessment can he or she ensure the implementation of an effective protection strategy. Having established a strategy, the security manager will need to ensure that he or she has sufficient resources to match and fulfil the objectives of that strategy. In a commercial organisation, as Yu-lee (2002) shows, this is not always a straightforward task as there will usually be a requirement to match the cost of additional resources against the benefits they produce. For example, if deploying security lights it must be proven that they will reduce the incidence of crime and therefore benefit the business in ways such as reducing insurance premiums and raising consumer confidence, thus leading to potential increased profitability. The coordination of tasks, namely ensuring that the information and resources is delivered to the right place at the right time (Mullins 2004, p.421), is an area that also requires an element of skill and knowledge particular within the security industry. If the manager does not have an understanding of the purpose of the task, it is likely that this will lead to errors resulting from incorrect deployment of information or resources. Managing human resources One resource that is crucial to operational security is the personnel. Successful management of human resources is therefore a key skill requirement for the security manager. The success of any business strategy is directly related to the people that operate it, and security is no exception. Managers need to ensure that they get the best out of their employees in terms of their understanding, ability and dedication to the job they are employed to do, and much of this will depend upon the relationship that is developed. In this respect, a successful manager will adopt a leadership role that is a combination of the various leadership models, such as some of those described in the works of Laurie Mullins (2004, p.312). Understanding the needs of the workforce, and creating a harmonious working environment where all employees are motivated to work towards a common goal is the art of good leadership and management. This is especially the case in the modern environment where there is more employee choice (Mullins 2004, p.282). It is equally important for the workforce to feel that they have an involvement and future with the business. The manager can achieve this in two ways. The security manager can improve employee involvement within the organisation by delegation of tasks and encouraging their contribution, by way of ideas and suggestions, to the strategy formation itself. Not only does this empower the employee, it also leads to an expansion of potential solutions available to the security manager, therefore providing an increase in the number of solutions available from which to successfully address potential security issues that arise. Employee development is an equally important area of management duties. Employees will only be competent at their work if their knowledge and training matches the needs of the task that are set for them. Part of the manager’s role is to encourage the development of these skills. An effective manager will be aware of the value of this process, both for the future of the organisation and the employee, and therefore introduce an employee learning and development process as part of their operational strategy. This usually involves the introduction of structured training programmes catering for individual and group employee needs. In most industries, these training programmes will be organised using a combination of internal training, which will include familiarising the employee with the organisation’s policy and specific needs, and external training to ensure they remain updated on industry developments, including the use of modern technology. In the case of certain indivi duals, the training may also include succession targeted learning, where such individuals are considered able to be promoted in the future to management or leadership roles. The level of interrelationship between manager and employee can define good leadership, which in the author’s opinion is an essential element of a manager’s tasks. It is increasingly becoming the consensus of opinion that the quality of leadership is a necessary skill requirement for managers (Mullins 2004, p.284). The employment of the leadership skills described previously demonstrates the manager’s commitment to their employees and, in the majority of cases will produce a favourable result (Mullins 2004 p.316 and 422). In addition, it improves staff retention levels and provides for a level of strategy continuity that is essential in areas such as security. As with other management duties it is apparent that, in the case of managing human resources, there is a need for the manager to have specialist security knowledge. The evaluation of employee creativity and its benefits to the organisation is made more difficult if the manager does not have an understanding of the business special skills. A similarly difficulty would be experienced in the formation and conducting of internal training programmes. Without such knowledge, it is likely that the effectiveness and value of such training programmes will be reduced. Management and knowledge Knowledge, learning, and its management, is important in business. The better understanding brought about by knowledge will lead to a higher level of competency of managers as well as their employees and improve the performance of the business (Mullins 2004, p.393). Staff will react positively to a more competent and experienced manager than they will one who is lacking in the skills associated with their role. The other aspect of knowledge at management level is their increased ability to be able to monitor the strategy that they have implemented and evaluate the performance of their employees. A classic example of the disastrous effects that results from a lack of managerial knowledge can be found in the collapse of Barings bank in the early 2000’s. As Howard Davies explained at the time, this occurred because the bank’s management decided to diversify into an area of the business where they had little or no experience. This and the inability of their financial systems to deal with the new business left them in a position where they were unable to monitor the situation and staff activities until it was too late. In effect, the cause of this collapse could also be attributed to a breakdown in the operation of the internal security systems that these types of financial organisations normally operate. Just as important, as this case proves, is the need for continued learning. H ad the Barings management undergone a process of learning to achieve a competence in the new business skills, the opportunity for security breaches and danger of failure would have been identified earlier and significantly reduced. Conclusion From the research carried out for this study, it is the author’s conclusion that whilst it is essential for security managers to have management skills, their specialist skills are equally important in order for them to be able to effectively and safely manage their areas of responsibility. As van der Bijl (2005, p.77) observed in his paper on security in the NHS, a security manager without the requisite knowledge and skill is â€Å"as daft as employing a financial director without accounting skills.† Skill deficit in such an important aspect of any business, in my opinion would reduce the level and effectiveness of the security manager as much as the lack of management skills. References Bartol, Kathryn M., and Martin, David C (1998). Management. McGraw Hill College. UK. Bohlander, G. W., Snell, S. A., Sherman, A. (2004). Managing human resources (13th ed.). Florence, KY: Thomson Learning Higher Education. Cowling, A.G and Mailer, C.B (2004). Managing Human Resources. 3rd Rev. Ed. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. London, UK. Davies, Howard. (2001). Management skills and competencies in a rapidly changing financial environment. Egon Zehnder International Insurance Symposium. Munich, Germany. Retrieved 3 February 2007 from http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/Library/Communication/Speeches/2001/sp78.shtml Easterby-Smith, Prof. Mark and Lyles, Marjorie (2003). The Blackwell Handbook of Organization Learning and Knowledge Management. Blackwell Publishers. US. Mullins, Laurie J (2004). Management and Organisational Behaviour. 7th Rev. ed. FT Prentice Hall. UK. Muncaster, Phil (2006). Challenges ahead for security managers. IT Week. London, UK Van der Bijl, Nick (2005). Security in modern healthcare. Hospital Engineering and Facilities Management, Issue 2. Yu-Lee, R.G. (2002) Essentials of Capacity Management. John Wiley Sons Inc. p. 150-153

Product life-cycle theory Essay

The product life-cycle theory is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of theHeckscher-Ohlin model to explain the observed pattern of international trade. The theory suggests that early in a product’s life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. In some situations, the product becomes an item that is imported by its original country of invention.[1] A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of thepersonal computer with respect to the United States. The model applies to labor-saving and capital-using products that (at least at first) cater to high-income groups. In the new product stage, the product is produced and consumed in the US; no export trade occurs. In the maturing product stage, mass-production techniques are developed and foreign demand (in developed countries) expands; the US now exports the product to other developed countries. In the standardized product stage, production moves to developing countries, which then export the product to developed countries. The model demonstrates dynamic comparative advantage. The country that has the comparative advantage in the production of the product changes from the innovating (developed) country to the developing countries. Product life-cycle There are five stages in a product’s life cycle: Introduction Growths Maturity Saturation Decline The location of production depends on the stage of the cycle. Introduction New products are introduced to meet local (i.e., national) needs, and new products are first exported to similar countries, countries with similar needs, preferences, and incomes. If we also presume similar evolutionary patterns for all countries, then products are introduced in the most advanced nations. (E.g., the IBM PCs were produced in the US and spread quickly throughout the industrialized countries.) A copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of production. (E.g., the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in the US.) The Period till the Maturity Stage is known as the Saturation Period. The industry contracts and concentrates—the lowest cost producer wins here. (E.g., the many clones of the PC are made almost entirely in lowest cost locations.) This is a period of stability. The sales of the product reach the peak and there is no further possibility to increase it. this stage is characterised by: Saturation of sales (at the early part of this stage sales remain stable then it starts falling). It continues till substitutes enter into the market. Marketer must try to develop new and alternative uses of product. Poor countries constitute the only markets for the product. Therefore almost all declining products are produced in developing countries. (E.g., PCs are a very poor example here, mainly because there is weak demand for computers in developing countries. A better example is textiles.) Note that a particular firm or industry (in a country) stays in a market by adapting what they make and sell, i.e., by riding the waves. For example, approximately 80% of the revenues of H-P are from products they did not sell five years ago. the profits go back to the host old country. Product Life Cycle Theory Raymond Vernon developed the international product life cycle theory in the 1960s. The international product life cycle theory stresses that a company will begin to export its product and later take on foreign direct investment as the product moves through its life cycle. Eventually a country’s export becomes its import. Although the model is developed around the U.S, it can be generalised and applied to any of the developed and innovative markets of the world. The product life cycle theory was developed during the 1960s and focused on the U.S since most innovations came from that market. This was an applicable theory at that time since the U.S dominated the world trade. Today, the U.S is no longer the only innovator of products in the world. Today companies design new products and modify them much quicker than before. Companies are forced to introduce the products in many different markets at the same time to gain cost benefits before its sales declines. The theory does not e xplain trade patterns of today. New trade theory New trade theory (NTT) is a collection of economic models in international trade which focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and network effects, which were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New trade theorists relaxed the assumption of constant returns to scale, and some argue that using protectionist measures to build up a huge industrial base in certain industries will then allow those sectors to dominate the world market. Less quantitative forms of a similar â€Å"infant industry† argument against totally free trade have been advanced by trade theorists since at least 1848 (see: History of free trade). Contents †¢1 The theory’s impact †¢2 Econometric testing †¢3 History of the theory’s development o3.1 â€Å"New† new trade theory †¢4 Theoretical foundations o4.1 See also o4.2 References o4.3 External links The theory’s impact Although there was nothing particularly ‘new’ about the idea of protecting ‘infant industries’ (an idea offered in theory since the 18th century, and in trade policy since the 1880s) what was new in â€Å"new trade theory† was the rigour of the mathematical economics used to model the increasing returns to scale, and especially the use of the network effect to argue that the formation of important industries was path dependent in a way which industrial planning and judicious tariffs might control. The models developed were highly technical, and predicted the possibilities of national specialization-by-industry observed in the industrial world (movies in Hollywood, watches in Switzerland, etc.). The story of path-dependent industrial concentrations can sometime lead to monopolistic competition or even situations of oligopoly. Some economists, such as Ha-Joon Chang, had argued that free trade would have prevented the development of the Japanese auto industries in the 1950s, when quotas and regulations prevented import competition. Japanese companies were encouraged to import foreign production technology but were required to produce 90% of parts domestically within five years. It is said[who?] that the short-term hardship of Japanese consumers (who were unable to buy the superior vehicles produced by the world market) was more than compensated for by the long-term benefits to producers, who gained time to out-compete their international rivals.[1] Econometric testing The econometric evidence for NTT was mixed, and highly technical. Due to the timescales required, and the particular nature of production in each ‘monopolizable’ sector, statistical judgements were hard to make. In many ways, the available data have been too limited to produce a reliable test of the hypothesis, which doesn’t require arbitrary judgements from the researchers. Japan is cited as evidence of the benefits of â€Å"intelligent† protectionism, but critics[who?] of NTT have argued that the empirical support post-war Japan offers for beneficial protectionism is unusual, and that the NTT argument is based on a selective sample of historical cases. Although many examples (like Japanese cars) can be cited where a ‘protected’ industry subsequently grew to world status, regressions on the outcomes of such â€Å"industrial policies† (which include failures) have been less  conclusive; some findings suggest that sectors targeted by Ja panese industrial policy had decreasing returns to scale and did not experience productivity gains.[2] History of the theory’s development The theory was initially associated with Paul Krugman in the late 1970s; Krugman claims that he heard about monopolistic competition from Robert Solow. Looking back in 1996 Krugman wrote that International economics a generation earlier had completely ignored returns to scale. â€Å"The idea that trade might reflect an overlay of increasing-returns specialization on comparative advantage was not there at all: instead, the ruling idea was that increasing returns would simply alter the pattern of comparative advantage.† In 1976, however, MIT-trained economist Victor Norman had worked out the central elements of what came to be known as the Helpman-Krugman theory. He wrote it up and showed it to Avinash Dixit. However, they both agreed the results were not very significant. Indeed Norman never had the paper typed up, much less published. Norman’s formal stake in the race comes from the final chapters of the famous Dixit-Norman book.[3] James Brander, a PhD student at Stanford at the time, was undertaking similarly innovative work using models from industrial organisation theory—cross-hauling—to explain two-way trade in similar products.[citation needed] â€Å"New† new trade theory Marc Melitz and Pol Antrà  s stated a new trend in the study of international trade. While new trade theory put emphasis on the growing trend of intermediate goods, this new trend emphasizes firm level differences in the same industry of the same country and this new trend is frequently called ‘new’ new trade theory (NNTT).[4][5] NNTT stresses the importance of firms rather than sectors in understanding the challenges and the opportunities countries face in the age of globalization.[6] As international trade is increasingly liberalized, industries of comparative advantage are expected to expand, while those of comparative disadvantage are expected to shrink, leading to an uneven spatial distribution of the corresponding economic activities. Within the very same industry, some firms are not able to cope with international competition while others thrive. The resulting intra-industry reallocations of market shares and productive resources are  much more pronounced than inter-industry reallocations driven by comparative advantage. Theoretical foundations New trade theory and â€Å"new† new trade theory (NNTT) need their own trade theory. New trade theories are often based on assumptions such as monopolistic competition and increasing returns to scale. One of the typical explanation, given by P. Krugman, depends on the assumption that all firms are symmetrical, meaning that they all have the same production coefficients. This is too strict as an assumption and deprived general applicability of Krugman’s explanation. Shiozawa, based on much more general model, succeeded in giving a new explanation on why the traded volume increases for intermediates goods when the transport cost decreases.[7] â€Å"New† new trade theory (NNTT) also needs new theorectical foundation. Melitz and his followers concentrate on empirical aspects and pay little interest on theoretical aspects of NNTT. Shiozawa’s new construction, or Ricardo-Sraffa trade theory, enables Ricardian trade theory to include choice of techniques. Thus the theory can treat a situation where there are many firms with different production processes. Based on this new theory, Fujimoto and Shiozawa[8] analyze how different production sites, either of competing firms or of the same firms locating in the different countries, compete. Porter’s Theory of Competitive Advantage of Nations of International Trade NIRAV S Micheal Porter’s Theory of Competitive Advantage of Nations against the Theory of Competitive advantage sought to examine the issue of why some nation’s business firms succeeded high in international/global competition. The theory of competitive advantage probes into three major aspects of trade phenomenon: i. Why does a nation succeed international in a particular industry? ii. What influence does a nation carry on competition in specific industries and their segments? iii. Why do a nation’s firms choose particular strategies of business? Porter’s analysis begins with following premises: 1. The nature of competition and the sources of competitive advantage differentials in the industries. 2. Successful global enterprises draw  competitive advantages through their value chain of worldwide network. 3. Innovation is the pillion of gaining/sustaining competitive advantage. 4. Pioneering and aggressive competitors in exploiting new market/technology are most successful. Porter undertook intensive research of 100 industries in ten countries. On the basis of empirical investigation, Porter identified for attributes of nation which determine (promote, impede) its competitive advantage referred to as Porter’s Diamond in. The Porter’s Diamond narrates for major attributes: Factor Conditions A country’s factor endowments or supply of factors of production such as human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, location, capital resources and infrastructure play a significant role in determining its national competitive advantage. Besides basic factors (e.g., natural resources, climate, etc.,) advanced factors (e.g., skilled labour, communications infrastructure, technology) are the crucial determinants of the capabilities and competitiveness of a nation. Advanced factors are declined by the efforts of the individuals, firms, institution and government in a country. Japan’s success may largely be attributed to its advanced factors creation rather than basic factors arability. A nation can overcome its deficiency or comparative disadvantage of basic factors endowment by focusing on creation of advanced factors to improve its competitive advantage. Demand Conditions The demand conditions in home market is important in stimulating domestic firms to undertake innovation and improve quality of products. When domestic buyers are sophisticated, a pressure in the market is created for the domestic firms to meet high standards of quality demanded. For example, Japanese knowledge buyers have induced the Japanese camera manufacturers to produce innovative models first in the home market and then for the exports. Similarly, local customers in Sweden have stimulated Ericsson to invest in cellular phone equipment industry much before the rising global demand. A nations demand conditions, thus, refer to: i. The nature of home buyers needs – their sophistication and fastidiousness ii. The size and pattern of growth of home market iii. The timing of development of demands relative to buyer in foreign markets iv. The knowledge presence of domestic buyers in foreign markets and their preferences. v. The timing of market saturation and challenges at home market provide a strong reason to acquire global competitive position to a business firm. Suppliers and Related Industries National advantage in an industry is also conditioned by the preserve of vigorous home-based suppliers of cost-effective and quality inputs or related supporting industries. For example, the US success in several electronic goods including personal computers is attributed to the growth of semiconductor industry in the country. Same is the case with Malaysia to some extent. Likewise, Sweden steel industry has contributed much to the success of Sweden’s output in ball bearings and cutting tools. Successful industrial growth in the exporting country may emerge on quantum of the growing clusters of related/supervising industries. German textile and approach sector is a chronic case in this regard – (textile machinery, sewing machine needles, textile clothes forming the cluster of textile exporting industry of the country). Ongoing coordination and just-in-time strategy is easy when such cluster industrial growth occurs in a nation.

Improvements in Public Health

Between 1840 and 1900 living conditions in towns improved. How did the work of government, local councils and individuals bring this about? In this essay I will discuss the conditions in towns between 1840 and 1900 and the improvements in Public health since 1840. While doing this I will link reasons together to achieve my final conclusion. I will begin with an explanation of living conditions in towns and cities in the early 19th century. Living in the early 19th Century was very tough for most people. At least 80% were working class. Houses where small and over crowded allowing diseases to spread easily. The air was polluted, poor and environment unhealthy because the people did not know about the causes and consequences of pollution. For example, coal burning from houses and factories was polluting the environment, but it was the main source of fuel. The environment was not just damaged by coal burning and the resulting sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide, it was also unbearable because of the terrible smell and insanitary living conditions. The smell was caused by the lack of sewerage system, public toilets (as only rich people could afford a toilet in the house), dirty water; unhygienic disposal of waste and the fact that cleaning methods were inadequate – no reliable products. The filth was particularly bad in the Soho district of London. In the late summer of 1854 there was a sudden outbreak of cholera. Dr John Snow quoted that it was â€Å"the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in the kingdom. † Over the first 3 days of September 127 people died that lived on or near Broad Street. In some parts of the city the mortality rate was just 12. 8%. Nobody knew were it came from. The city stunk of human waste and the river Thames was a sewer. As the city grew the waste was increasing. When there was heavy rain the basements were flooded. This meant that people living in the basement and the rest of the house were in contact with raw sewerage and this would also attract disease and vermin and spread infections. Everyone wanted a clean fresh city where they could breathe clean air, drink and wash in clean water and live and keep their belongings in clean houses. I believe that people's ignorance to the effects of their actions and the fact that they had no alternatives had a big impact on the living conditions in the early 19th century. This is because many people were so poor and uneducated; they had no choice but to live in these conditions. This was particularly relevant in London and main industrialised towns and cities where people moved from the country because many were losing their jobs. This was because the invention of machinery on work and therefore forced people to evacuate to bigger cities with more work needed. In the country they may only have been able to get seasonal work in the fields and they dreamt of a better life in the city where there was more regular work available in the factories. They needed to live in the bigger towns to have the opportunity to earn money in factories and workhouses. As London was rapidly growing, the health conditions got worse. Streets were filled with rubbish and dead animals and never cleaned. Street cleaners only clean roads with people living there who could afford to pay their wages. The fact that there was little public services for example there was no national health services and you had to pay for the health services, there was no clean running water, poor structured houses full of people, filth and germs round every corner and the fact that the homeless children and even some adults, as seen in the cartoon bellow, where rolling around in the waste on the streets. The picture is a cartoon drawn at a time when the government believed that looking after the poor, the old and the sick was the job of individuals and their families. They also believed in individualism and self help believing that if the government did too much for people they would become weak and dependent. This was named laissez faire. This is French for do little or nothing. It was there duty to make laws and deal with wars, but not to ‘babysit' the community. At the end of the 19th century, the city life was improving little by little. New laws, such as the 1875 Artisan's Dwelling Act, meant that better housing was being built. It was an act of the parliament designed by Richard Cross, Home Secretary. The Act made the owners give their slums to the council so they could demolish the areas of slum housing to be redeveloped by commercial builders with low interest. The Artisans Dwelling Act of 1885 was considered one of most significant acts of the Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli's presidency. The improvements to public heath brought real benefits. By this time cities had facilities to meet all kinds of interests, from dance halls to chapels. People joined together in a wide range of clubs and societies. There were nearly 700,000 allotments by 1881. Allotment holders held competitions for flowers and vegetables. Enthusiasts, usually men, took time to trouble over breeding birds such as pigeons or canaries. Choirs were very popular, usually as part of church or chapel life. Many played in brass bands, often sponsored by a factory-owner. By the end of the century, cycling had become a popular hobby with both sexes. Thousands began to spend their Saturday watching sport. Various kinds of football had been popular for centuries. They were crude rough games, with few rules. Now people lived in clean houses and apartments. In Birmingham Joseph Chamberlain made calls for slum clearance, improved housing, municipalisation of public utilities and higher taxes for the rich. He was elected as mayor of Birmingham in 1876. The middle class of Birmingham adored chamberlain. They all voted for what he fought for. He soon became Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone's lieutenant in the House of Commons and later in 1882 was appointed president of the Board of Trade in Gladstone's second ministry. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 was an act of Parliament that rehabilitated local government. It split the country into districts. Each district was responsible for running local services such as housing and education. They had commissioners to be in charge of each local council. The royal commission had eighteen members, two members for each district. A new law was made so middle class people were aloud to participate in the local council. They had annual elections each year, were a third of the council members up for election. They also elected aldermen to be part of the council with a six year term. Towns were divided into smaller areas were they had a local person to represent them on the local council. As previously highlighted in the early 19th century overcrowding, poverty, dirty environment and insanitary housing lead to disease. In 1843 Edwin Chadwick argued that poverty was caused by disease and that by curing diseases poverty would be reduced. Joseph Bazelgette who designed the sewage system, made sure that the flow of foul water and underground rivers was diverted along new sewers and taken the sewage treatment works and then pumped into Tidal Thames where it would be carried out to sea rather than stay in the previous â€Å"open sewer† of the Thames. His design was so good it has stood up to increases in volume of raw sewage. In 1848 the cholera epidemic spurred the government into action through public health measures followed by health measures for individuals. Many people thought cholera was air bourn but John Snow thought it entered the body through the mouth. He investigated a cholera outbreak in 1854 and carefully plotted all cases on a map of Soho where the outbreak occurred. He managed to identify a water pump as the source of the disease. When he removed the handle the causes of cholera immediately declined. It took another six years before this theory was more widely accepted. John Snow also made development in anaesthetics and made them safer and more effective for use on humans. Public health measures included: – The public health of 1888 gave all towns the right to employ a public health officer. – In 1853 public vaccinations against small pox were made compulsory. – In 1854 influence by Florence Nightingale and other campaigners, hospital hygiene was improved and hospitals became much cleaner places, helping to prevent the spread of disease. The 1875 Public Health Act required the clearance off slums, the installation of sewers, clean water supplies and better environment to live in. This was very successful as public health improved and local councils competed to be the best public health provider. This lead to the individual health measures introduced in the early 20th century e. g. free school meals in 1906, medical examinations for all children in 1907. Old age pensions introduced and in 1911 National Insurance (free medical treatment for workers. During the 19th century knowledge about the ways bodies work increased. William Beaumont (1822) studied the digestive system. Theodor Schwann (1858) realised that animal tissues were made of cells. Henry Gray (1858) wrote Grays anatomy and people started to have a broad knowledge of how their bodies worked. Louis Pasteur discussed that germs can cause disease rather that's the previous theory of spontaneous generation where diseases cause germs. This also led to the pasteur isation of milk. Robert Kock studied bacteria further and identified bacteria specific to the diseases septicaemia, TB and cholera and others discovered the bacteria that caused typhoid pneumonia and the plague. Patrick Manson 1879 discovered that diseases could be spread by vectors such as flies. Charles Chamberlain (1884) discovered viruses. Therefore understanding of disease was improving rapidly and there were some inventions that helped the treatment of disease also, e. g. multi lens microscope (Lister 1826) kymograph to measure pulse (1847 Ludwig) and x-rays (Roentgen 1895). At the beginning of the 19th century doctors would only provide comfort but by the end they could treat diseases and heal some patients with surgery. I believe the living conditions between 1840 and 1900 did improve. The government and local councils brought this about by clearing slums and areas of bad, dirty housing, supporting improvements in biology knowledge cleaning up sewers and improving local government, encouraging people to help themselves and no longer accepting poverty as something that can not be dealt with.

A Writing History Essay - 1274 Words

A Writing History Every great writer, whether it is a poet, novelist, journalist, or any other type will share a common beginning with every person, this I see. Where they take it from there is up to them, the choice is free. The common beginning is simple, even quite easy. It usually starts in kindergarten learning the ABCs. From there you learn to form and read words-the first step of literacy. In my opinion, writing can be fun, but it did not always seem that way to me. This paper will give a brief background on my steps in the writing experience; this is my writing history. Kindergarten, the first step. This is where I started to hate writing; it all began with the alphabet. Writing had a bad first impression on me. Every day†¦show more content†¦What I was writing was not as important to me as how I made it look. Thats where all my time and focus was spent. I was given a good opportunity to get into writing in the years that followed fifth grade. This opportunity was given to me in the form of journal writing in junior high (grades 6,7, and 8). A few people every day would read their journal out loud and you can tell that some of them really got into. I however, am sorry to say I let the chance pass me by. The journals had a given subjects to write about but they werent mandatory. I remember this one kid, Peter. Instead of writing about the journal topic he would write a Star Wars story. This other kid, Joey, reminded me of Pinky and The Brain. He would always write about ways to try and take over the world-again and again. Looking back I wish I had been as creative as those two young men. Instead I blew off the journal writing. To me it was just another busy work assignment. During that whole time period from, fifth grade through junior high, I had mainly listened to rap. Then rap was music to me and that was that. It had no special purpose in my life. 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