Essay President George Washington Bush’s Second Inaugural...

Since President Abraham Lincoln’s great second inaugural address (May 4th 1865) nearly 150 years ago it was a long existing habit for the President’s inaugural address to present a quite ambiguous demand for diplomacy and transformation of the world. President Bush’s second inaugural address was no different. It set forth President Bush’s ambitious perception of the United States’ role in progressing of liberty, democracy, and freedom worldwide â€Å"with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world† . In spite of persuade his public to adhere to his arguably over ambiguous goal, President George W. Bush uses a rhetoric approach that blends parts of pathos and ethos with precise word choice to create ethically and emotionally charged†¦show more content†¦To create common ideals and values President Bush relies on the assumption that he has successfully created a common history by saying that because we have a common history â₠¬Å"America’s vital interests (ideals) and our deepest beliefs (values) are now one.† The establishment of common ethics is done in the same subtle manner as the establishment of common morals. When he is addressing the â€Å"peoples of the world† he is making promises on behave of the United States to support those who would seek liberty, freedom, and democracy. He then addresses his â€Å"fellow citizens† once again in paragraph 22 and says that we have â€Å"accepted obligations that are difficult to fulfill, and would be dishonorable to abandon.† In other words the US already has obligations to help the spread of freedom so either the audience supports his goal to end tyranny or they are dishonorable and thus unethical. Because President Bush’s address is ideological, it relies heavily on the assumption that his world views, religious views, and ideals line up with those of the audience. If there were discrepancies in any of the three, his argument would fall flat. He began his address by presenting his world view with the statement that, â€Å"for as long as whole regions of the world simmer in resentment and tyranny - prone to ideologies that feedShow MoreRelatedLaunching The Presidency. Dr. Kristen Coopie Allen. Alyssa1479 Words   |  6 PagesLaunching the Presidency Dr. Kristen Coopie Allen Alyssa Hamilton 5 April 2017 Inaugural Address Paper Inaugural addresses have in many respects been the first clear indication to the American public of what they have signed on to for the next four to eight years. Especially with the media in recent decades, elections have become so clouded in argument and contradiction that the inaugural address is our first chance to really listen to the new president’s goals and aspirations, without any significantRead MoreYales Five Stage Developmental Model - Ronald Reagan - Steps of First Campaign - Persuasion - Annalysis of Speeches2797 Words   |  12 PagesYale’s five stage developmental model gives us examples of what should happen from the beginning to end of a political campaign, product-line marketing scheme, or ideological campaign such as Christianity or Scientology. In the case of our 40th president, Ronald Reagan, you can see these steps put into action during his first run for the Presidential Office back in 1979. Yale’s model identifies the first step in the five stages as Identification. According to the text, Charles U. LarsonRead MoreThe Impact Of Black Friday On American Symbols, Values And Interests6556 Words   |  27 PagesCenter, New York City, around 9:00 a.m. local time. Half an hour later, the third jetliner crashed into the Pentagon, whereas the forth one, supposedly on its way to Washington D.C., crashed somewhere in Pennsylvania. However, the implications of that Black Tuesday were far more complicated than the mere reported facts. To President George W. Bush, the operations that were carried out against his country did not merely represent â€Å"acts of terror† on American symbols, values and interests, but they represented

Cyber Security And The Internet Essay - 1696 Words

The recent trend in the global business has been largely driven by the mechanism of the internet and more broadly the cyberspace. This has created a more elaborate platform for all business activities to be coordinated through an information system protocols. The information system is the management of the information data base of an organization or an institution. Information is assumed to be a significant asset, organisations strive to gather, retain and protect their valuable intellectual property to place them in a prominent business platform over their competitors. The proficiency and efficacy of the cyberspace in its application in accounting, finance, system designs, manufacturing etc., cannot be denied nor neglected. The reality of the twenty-first century is simple; no organization can survive without the adoption and implementation of the mechanism of information technology to their area of business. On the contrary perspective, there are several challenges that are associated with the cyberspace, among which is majorly cyber security. Recently the hackers’ activity has really skyrocketed and has become a major concern for organizations, states and federal governments and even international organizations. Several regulatory schemes are put in place to mitigate the activities of hackers across the globe. General Group General group was founded in Berlin in 1831 and has grown to be a major player in the banking, finance service/ insurance sector. The group’sShow MoreRelatedCyber Security And The Internet Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pagescomputers and the internet continues to take a toll in the current world, there arise risks concerning the protection of the confidentiality of information flow. This has necessitated the rise in information breaches thus compromising the privacy and confidentiality of the information. 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Internet security is major concern in field of technology, because there are various personal, business and government data on the Internet. Today every businesses and organizations have their own security system to reach their goal of information security. Internet security systems are created to reduce cyber attackRead MoreCyber Security Is A Needed Profession Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pages Cyber Security is a needed profession that affects all different sizes of companies due to a wide variety of different types of threats like malicious codes like illegal young adult content, malware, and spyware to computer viruses. Malware can be very serious that they have the ability to ea sily erase the whole entire computer to non dangerous easy fix like email viruses. We need cyber security to stop the numbers of threats around the world. There have been unprecedented rise in cyber attacks

Communication Marketing Management Digital -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Communication Marketing Management Digital? Answer: Introducation Novotel hotel is a premier beach hotel with 4-star accommodation facilities and it is a part of Accor Hotels Group. Novotel Hotel is situated in more than 60 countries with approximately 400 hotels and resorts. The first hotel under the name Novotel was established in 1967 in Lille Lesquin, France. Its headquarters is situated in Evry, France and approximately 30, 000 employees are working with this hotel across the globe. Organization has now decided to expand its operations and for the same, they had chosen the St. Kilda beachside location in order to expand their hotel business. This location has been chosen with the motive to attract the families to spend their vacations, for weekend trips as well as for the business class people as they are famous in providing leisured experience in business meetings and conferences. St Kilda location is surrounded by beach and with the finest locations of the city which helps the organization to attract large segment of audience in order to inc rease their turnover along with gaining the competitive advantage. Primary objective of setting up the hotel at the beachside is to provide the travellers sea view, relax and enriched experience along with various adventurous and entertainment related facilities. Staying at the beach side helps the people to reduce the stress level and along with this, it also helps them to gain unique peaceful and relaxing experience which helps the travellers to feel positive about the location. With the help of Novotel St Kilda, organization will be able to uplift its performance in the market along with gaining adequate competitive advantage in the target market. Apart from this, it is also necessary for the objective to increase the goodwill and brand value of the organization in Melbourne. With the help of Novotel St Kilda, organization will be able to attain its desired goals and the objectives (Novotel Hotels Resorts, 2018). Research methods This report is completed with the help of data collected from both resources i.e. primary as well as secondary source of research method. With the help of these methods, organization has gained the adequate information through which the accomplishment of the desired goals could easily be done. Primary research method includes two sources i.e. qualitative data and the quantitative data. Qualitative data helps the organization to gain the information in relevance with the demand of the product, scope of setting up the image of the brand in the target market. This includes surveys, feedback forms, interview sessions, and the like. With the help of these methods, organization will be able to gain statistical data in relevance with the customers feedbacks and their reviews. With this data, organization could launch the product or service in the target market along with making certain required amendments on the basis of target audiences requirements. This method also provides the relevant information with regards to the strategies used by the competitors and the products and services rendered and delivered by them to the target audience. With these types of data, organization could easily uplift its performance along with the gaining the competitive advantage through implementing unique and advanced strategies (Schroder, Mackaness Gittings, 2011). Further, quantities research method will help the Novotel Hotel to gain the knowledge in relevance with the customers favourability towards the hotels services and products. This will help the company to understand the effectiveness of their services and unique suggestions are also obtained from this type of research method which could be used for increasing the effectiveness of the services as well as to enhance the efficiency of the hotel in the competitive business environment (Liamputtong, 2013). Secondary research method includes the tools such as journals, articles, books, newspaper, and all other sources which provide adequate information. From these sources, organization could easily obtain information with regards to its competitors strategies, products and services delivered by them as well as the external environmental conditions. This information could be used for developing and adopting the strategies with the motive to gain the competitive advantage along with setting up the effective position in the target market (Bryman Bell, 2015). Current value analysis Value analysis is useful for the organizations in order to develop an effective brand image in the target market along with development of positive image in the international hotel industry. To establish the brand image, organization is required to examine the external business environmental conditions of the target market. With the help of this analysis, organization will be able to develop and adopt certain advanced strategies through which appropriate image could be developed in the target market. Value proposition of the Novotel Hotel are providing luxurious services to its target audience along with the development of an effective image amongst them. Novotel hotel provides accommodation facilities, food facilities and they also offer unique services such as pick and drop to its target audience. Along with this, they had positive image in the global hotel industry, they could also utilise the same while setting up the Novotel St Kilda. Apart from this, value analysis identifies t he position of the firm in the target market with various research methods available. In this report, mixture of primary and secondary research methods has been used to determine the position of the organization. With the help of this evaluation, organization has been able to identify and develop the crucial set of strategies which could help the Novotel group of hotels to set up Novotel St Kilda with the motive to provide leisured experience to its premium and other segment of audience (Clemes, Gan Ren, 2011). In order to enhance the demand of the hotel and its services in the target market, organization needs to adopt several strategies such as effective promotional and advertisement strategies. Along with these strategies, organization could use its official website for spreading awareness amongst its target and potential audience. This will help them to enhance the demand of the services introduced by the Novotel St Kilda hotel. Online booking facility should also be provided to the target audience through which organization would be able to cope up with its requirements along with the attainment of the desired goals and the objectives would also become an easier task. Novotel St Kilda hotel will also help the Australian economy in order to uplift the GDP rate which will ultimately increase the growth rate of the organization. It can be analysed that the purchasing power of Australians is quite high and it helps them to gain the experience of luxurious as well expensive services. This f actor could be utilised in an effective manner with the motive to uplift the organizational performance in the competitive business environment. The unique services provided the Novotel Hotel in Melbourne is the beachside view along with the stress free stay along with various unique activities which could help the audience to make the stay of its travellers leisured and memorable (Kang, Stein, Heo Lee, 2012). Apart from this, the Novotel group of hotels is majorly known for providing unique services to the business class people. It is expected to be one of the finest locations with the perfect escape for the business class and leisure travellers people. The Novatel St Kilda hotel will be established at the beach end which will help the hotel to increase its attractiveness. Along with this, it will also help the organization to gain large number of target audience along with the premium segment of the target market. Novotel Hotel is also known for providing healthy and safe staying environment which acts as the biggest strength as well as it helps the organization to develop a positive perception amongst the travellers and guests of the hotel. With this, they are also famous for using the high quality resources to increase the effectiveness of the hotels products and services. This factor will lead the organization to develop a strong position in the target market along with gaining adequa te competitive advantage. Along with these attractions, organization also focuses over discount and providing attractive offers strategy in terms to increase the revenues as well as to increase the brand name of the hotel in the target market. All offer and discount related list is being provided at the hotels official website along with this, for spreading the awareness amongst the public, marketing team of the hotel also uses the board hoardings and giving advertisement over television and other digital platforms (Tajeddini Trueman, 2012). Value position framework This framework consist various attributes through which the customers values in relevance with the products features and usefulness could be identified and evaluated. These are economic value, emotional value, functional value, and symbolic value and end value. Economic value for the customer describes that the money spent by the consumers should be equivalent to the satisfaction obtained from the consumption of particular product or service (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Emotional value describes that the attachment of the consumers towards the company and this could be measured by the frequent visit by the consumers in the hotel. Another value is functional value which says that the services provided by the organization are unique and those could not be found anywhere else. This aspect plays crucial role in terms to gain the competitive advantage in the target market. The last value relates to the consumers perceptions are symbolic value and it denotes to the corporate social responsibili ty fulfilled by the organization through rendering and delivering of the products and services (Shaw, Bailey Williams, 2011). Marketing promotion plan The primary objective of marketing promotion plan is to promote the companys products and services in the target market with the view to gain the desired position as well as to establish a strong position in the target market. Along with this, it is also beneficial in terms of uplifting the performance and it could be done with the help of various methods such as promotional campaigns, board hoardings and through other marketing activities (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker Brennan, 2015). Following are certain objectives of the organization which needs to be accomplished through setting up the Novotel St Kilda at the beach side: Attainment of the assumed goals and the objectives on the basis of managements expectations. Increasing the revenue of the organization from the Novotel St Kilda hotel by 15% approximately (Helm Gritsch, 2014). Setting up an effective image and developing the effective brand image in the target market. Covering the large part of the target market in the certain period of time with the view to ascertain the growth and expansion opportunities (Lee Kotler, 2011). Target market Target market for Novotel group of hotels is Melbourne currently and this city has been selected with the view to increase the global presence of the hotel along with reviewing the demand of the luxurious hotels over there. Along with the whole city, their primary market segment is the premium consumers who love to experience the leisured travelling and the business class people. In order to attract its target market audience, organization has decided to showcase the unique features and the capabilities of the Novotel St Kilda Hotel. Elements of promotional mix Promotional mix tools are effective in relevance with spreading awareness amongst the target audience. This tool is also essential for communicating with its target audience along with the spreading awareness in relevance with the promotions and the offers provided by the organization. For communicating with its target audience, organization uses various campaigns such as email marketing, direct selling, and the like. These strategies could also be utilised for promoting the products and services of the organization (Powers Loyka, 2010). Following are the crucial elements of promotional mix: Advertisement Advertisement strategies could be used for staying connected with its target audience as well as with the potential consumers. This could be done with the help of various advertisement campaigns and the sources such as advertisement through newspaper, magazines, pamphlets, board hoardings, and with the help of digital and internet sources. Along with these sources, companys official website could also be utilised. All these sources are effective enough to gain desired outcomes along with attaining the goals and the objectives of the organization (Kitchen Burgmann, 2010). Customer relationship Developing customer relationship is another crucial aspect for increasing the awareness amongst the target audience and it is also useful for retaining the customers for a long run. Providing additional discounts and unique offers to the frequent consumers of the hotel over the services of the hotel develops a positive and effective image (Sunday Bayode, 2011). There are certain another attributes such as direct marketing, sales promotion, personal selling and events. Along with this, organization could also utilise the available options such as advertisement of hotel through top rated websites like trivago, Qantas, and the like. Organization could also utilise the famous social media platforms like Facebook, instagram, and twitter (Khan, 2014). Competitive analysis Primary competitors of Crown Plaza Melbourne, Crown Plaza Melbourne, Melbourne metro pole central, Pan Pacific Melbourne, Best western plus Buckingham international, and the like. Novotel St Kilda could gain the competitive advantage it is situated at the beach end and this is the most attractive factor about this location which will help the travellers to experience the beautiful sea view from their rooms only. Along with the beachside hotel, another unique services provided by the hotel are rendering the services to make the travellers and guests refreshed and stress free (Chan Guillet, 2011). Apart from these factors, St Kilda is a beautiful location with pleasant weather conditions which makes the people feels relaxed and treasured. Management of the hotels have also adopted various strategies through which the guests will be served with unique entertainment facilities which would help the organization to uplift its performance as well as to fulfil its expectations in relevance with setting up an effective position in the target market (Zervas, Proserpio Byers, 2014). Budget allocation for the advertisement and promotional campaigns Social media: $45,000 Email marketing: $25,000 Other sources: $15,000 Television channels: $25, 00,000 Board Hoardings: $2, 00,000 Budget for events: $15, 00,000 Total $42, 85,000 Conclusion From the aforesaid discussion, it can be concluded that the effective marketing management and promotional plan includes various objectives and all of these are discussed in this report with the motive to expand the business of Novotel St Kilda Hotels business. This report includes research methods used for gathering the data, current value analysis for evaluating the needs and the value propositions of the consumers. Further, the report discuss about the marketing promotion plan with regards to enhance the demand of the hotels services in the target market. Along with this, target market, elements of promotional mix, and the budget allocation has been covered. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Chan, N. L., Guillet, B. D. (2011). Investigation of social media marketing: how does the hotel industry in Hong Kong perform in marketing on social media websites?.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,28(4), 345-368. Clemes, M. D., Gan, C., Ren, M. (2011). Synthesizing the effects of service quality, value, and customer satisfaction on behavioral intentions in the motel industry: An empirical analysis.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,35(4), 530-568. Helm, R., Gritsch, S. (2014). Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review,23(2), 418-428. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Kang, K. H., Stein, L., Heo, C. Y., Lee, S. (2012). Consumers willingness to pay for green initiatives of the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(2), 564-572. Khan, M. T. (2014). The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), 95. Kitchen, P. J., Burgmann, I. (2010).Integrated marketing communication. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Lee, N. R., Kotler, P. (2011).Social marketing: Influencing behaviors for good. Sage. Liamputtong, P. (2013).Qualitative research methods. Novotel Hotels Resorts. (2018). Accessed on 18th January 2018 from https://www.novotelmelbourne.com.au/ Powers, T. L., Loyka, J. J. (2010). Adaptation of marketing mix elements in international markets.Journal of global marketing,23(1), 65-79. Schroder, C. J., Mackaness, W. A., Gittings, B. M. (2011). Giving the rightroute directions: The requirements for pedestrian navigation systems.Transactions in GIS,15(3), 419-438. Shaw, G., Bailey, A., Williams, A. (2011). Aspects of service-dominant logic and its implications for tourism management: Examples from the hotel industry.Tourism Management,32(2), 207-214. Sunday, A., Bayode, B. (2011). Strategic influence of promotional mix on organisation sale turnover in the face of strong competitors.Business intelligence journal,4(2), 343-350. Tajeddini, K., Trueman, M. (2012). Managing Swiss Hospitality: How cultural antecedents of innovation and customer-oriented value systems can influence performance in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(4), 1119-1129. Zervas, G., Proserpio, D., Byers, J. W. (2014). The rise of the sharing economy: Estimating the impact of Airbnb on the hotel industry.Journal of Marketing Research.

Sociology 01 Essays - Gender, Sociology Of Gender, Feminism

Sociology 01 Gender Roles Essay Question #5 When analyzing gender roles in our age today, we are less likely to see the striking differences in the characteristics of men and women as they were portrayed let's say thirty years ago. However, a strong sense of Androcentricity still remains in not only our society but is stronger than ever in other societies around the world. From the beginning of time, from what we've learned in textbooks, television, and other sources of media, of course, the male figure has always been portrayed as powerful, the decision-maker, and the head of the household. When we think of prehistoric times, for instance, I could almost bet that mental picture of a caveman dragging a woman by the hair is embedded somewhere in the minds of many people of many ages around the world. Not only has this image been handed down to us but has also been part of our society and the world's for probably centuries. This is just a small example of how the male and female genders are and have been portrayed for hundreds o f years. The male, always strong and in command of the woman, is a role which has faded drastically but still leaves an impression when we analyze certain aspects of our society today. Since birth, we are already placed in our roles of male or female. The little baby boy, ninety percent of the time being wrapped in a blue blanket as soon as he leaves his mother's womb, and the little baby girl wrapped up in a pink blanket. This identification of color not only initializes the socialization process between both genders but also follows both males and females throughout their whole lives. Throughout childhood many things account for the gender roles we are placed into, such as the gifts we receive on our birthdays or the activities that we are encouraged to participate in. As a boy, I remember always wanting such things as action figures, toy guns, toy cars, and things of that nature for my birthday or for Christmas. I wasn't born liking those things, but these are the things that I w as taught little boys are supposed to like, if not by the media then by friends or family. This could be very well the reason why many men join the armed forces, feel some weird familiarity with guns and weapons, or often times feel they should be the ones driving the car as opposed to the woman having control of the vehicle. These symbols of power which are etched into men's minds from day one, are a big part in the shaping of the rest of their lives. I also remember the presents my sisters would receive on special occasions, which consisted of dolls, toy vanity sets, or tea and kitchen sets. One could say that giving a little girl a doll could be a symbol of motherhood, to prepare her for the future and the vanity set to emphasize the need to stay beautiful. These symbols also play a big role in how the life of a woman develops and is shaped. Another factor that plays a big role in gender identity and roles is our educational system and what we are taught. From the time we are in elementary school we learn about all these great historical figures in the fields of Science, Literature, and History and all their great discoveries and achievements. The majority of the discoveries and achievements highlighted are by the men and every so often throughout the book some great achievement is mentioned that highlights a historical female figure. This pattern of education was handcrafted hundreds of years ago and is still implemented in our schools today. Of course much has changed and today many women are recognized for outstanding achievements and honors, even to the point where some researchers in fields such as Sociology limit their research strictly to the lives of women. Such research is labeled as "feminist" and in the field of sociology is known as gynocentricity, or seeing the world from a female perspective. But as stated in Macionis' Sociology textbook, in a society so male-dominated as our own there is less chance that this

Teaching Civic Education in the Post-Trump Era

Teaching Civic Education in the Post-Trump Era Educators teaching civics during the presidency of Donald Trump can turn to social media to provide teachable  moments and have conversations  with students  about Americas democratic process. Beginning in the election campaign and continuing through the presidency, there have been many teachable moments in the form of 140 characters that come from the personal Twitter account of President Donald Trump. These messages are clear examples  of social medias growing influence on American foreign and domestic policy. Within a few days, President Trump may tweet about a range of topics including immigration issues, natural disasters,  nuclear threats, as well as the pregame behavior of NFL players.    President Trump’s tweets are not bound to the Twitter software platform. His tweets are then read aloud and analyzed on news media outlets. His tweets are re-published by both paper and digital newspaper outlets. In general, the more incendiary the tweet from Trump’s personal Twitter account, the more likely the tweet will become a major talking point in the 24-hour news cycle. Another example of a teachable moment from social media comes from the admission by Facebook’s CEO Mark Zuckerberg that campaign ads could have been purchased by foreign agencies during the 2016 presidential election in order to shape public opinion. In coming to this conclusion, Zuckerberg stated on his own Facebook page  (9/21/2017): â€Å"I care deeply about the democratic process and protecting its integrity. Facebooks mission is all about giving people a voice and bringing people closer together. Those are deeply democratic values and were proud of them. I dont want anyone to use our tools to undermine democracy. Zuckerburg’s statement indicates a growing awareness that the influence of social media may need more oversight. His message echoes a caution offered by the designers of the C3 (College, Career, and Civic) Frameworks for Social Studies. In describing the important role of civic education for all students, the designers also offered the cautionary note, â€Å"Not all [civic] participation is beneficial.† This statement alerts educators to anticipate the growing and sometimes controversial role of social media and other technologies in the future lives of students.    Beneficial Civic Education Using Social Media Many educators themselves use social media as a part of their own civic life experiences. According to the Pew Research Center (8/2017) two-thirds (67%) of Americans report getting their news from social media platforms. These educators may be included in the 59% of people who state that their interactions on social media with people of opposing political views are stressful and frustrating or they may be part of the 35% who find such interactions interesting and informative. Educator experiences can help inform the civic lessons that they design for their students. Incorporating social media is an established way to engage students. Students already spend much of their time online, and social media is accessible and familiar.   Social Media as Resource and Tool Today, educators can readily access primary source  documents  from politicians, business leaders, or institutions. A  primary source  is an original object,  such as audio or video recordings and social media is rich with these resources. For example, the  White House  YouTube  account hosts the video recording of the  Inauguration  of the 45th president. Primary sources can also be digital documents (firsthand information) that were written or created during the historical time under study. One example of a digital document would be from the Twitter account of  Vice-President Pence  in reference to Venezuela in which he states,No free people has ever chosen to walk the path from prosperity to poverty (8/23/2017). Another example comes from  the Instagram account of President Donald Trump: If America comes together – if the people speak with one voice – we will bring back our jobs, we will bring back our wealth, and for every citizen across our great land... (9/6/17) These digital documents are resources that educators in civic education to call attention to specific content or to the role that social media has played as a tool for promotion, organization, and management in recent election cycles.   Educators who recognize this high level of engagement understand the great potential for social media as an instructional tool. There are a number of  interactive websites  that are aimed at promoting civic engagement, activism, or community involvement in intermediate or middle schools. Such online civic engagement tools can be the initial preparation for engaging young people in their communities to get involved in civic activities. In addition, educators can use examples of social media to demonstrate its unifying power to bring people together and also to demonstrate its divisive power to separate people into groups.   Six practices for incorporating social media Social studies teachers may be familiar with the Six Proven Practices for Civic Education hosted on the National Council of Social Studies website. The same six practices can be modified by using social media as a resource of primary sources and also as a tool for supporting civic engagement.   Classroom Instruction: Social media offers many primary document resources that can be used to spark debate, support research, or take informed action. Educators must be ready to provide instruction on how to evaluate the source(s) of texts that come from social media platforms.Discussion of Current Events and Controversial Issues: Schools can access current events on social media for classroom discussion and debate. Students can use social media  texts as the basis for polls and surveys to predict or to determine public response to controversial issues.Service-Learning: Educators can design and implement programs that provide students with hands-on opportunities. These opportunities can use social media as communication or management tool for more formal curriculum and classroom instruction. Educators themselves can use social media platforms to connect with other educators as a form of professional development. Links posted on social media can be used for inquiry and research.Ext racurricular Activities: Educators can use social media as a means to recruit and continue to engage young people to get involved in their schools or communities outside of the classroom. Students can create portfolios on social media of their extra-curricular activities as evidence for college and career. School Governance: Educators can use social media to encourage student participation in school government (ex: student councils, class councils) and their input in school governance (ex: school policy, student handbooks).  Simulations of Democratic Processes: Educators can encourage students to participate in simulations (mock trials, elections, legislative sessions) of democratic processes and procedures. These simulations would use social media for ads for candidates or policies. Influencers in Civic Life Civic education at every grade level has always been designed to prepare students to be responsible participants in our constitutional democracy. The evidence suggests that what be added to the design is how educators explore the role of social media in civic education. The Pew Research Center lists recent high school graduates (ages 18-29) as choosing Facebook (88%) as their preferred social media platform compared to students in high school who rank Instagram (32%) as their favored platform. This information indicates educators must become familiar with multiple social media platforms to meet student preferences. They must be ready to address the sometimes outsized role social media plays in Americas constitutional democracy. They must bring perspective to the different points of view expressed on social media and teach students how to evaluate the sources of information. Most importantly, educators must provide students practice with social media through discussion and debate in the classroom, especially when the Trump Presidency offers the kinds of teachable moments that make civic education authentic and engaging. Social media is not limited to our nations digital borders. Roughly one-quarter of the worlds population (2.1 billion users) is on Facebook; one billion users are active on  WhatsApp  daily. Multiple social media platforms connect our students to networked global communities. In order to provide students with critical skills important for 21st century citizenship, educators should prepare students to understand the influence of social media and to be able to communicate using social media on issues both national and global.

The Meaning of Nani in Japanese

The Meaning of 'Nani' in Japanese The word nani  Ã¤ ½â€¢ (㠁 ªÃ£  «) in Japanese means what. And depending on the situation, you might, instead, use  nan (㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€œ). Which term you use depends on the context, in particular, whether you are speaking or writing formally or informally. The sentences below are listed first in a transliteration of the Japanese phrase or sentence, followed by the spelling in Japanese characters- using  kanji,  hiragana, or  katakana  as appropriate- followed by the translation in English. Where indicated, click on the link to bring up a sound file and hear how to correctly pronounce the word or sentence in Japanese. Using Nani or Nan in a Sentence Nani is the more formal and polite term to use when asking a question, as in: Nani  wo  suru  tsumori  desu ka? (㠁 ªÃ£  « ã‚’ 㠁™ã‚‹ 㠁 ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â€šÅ  㠁 §Ã£ â„¢ 㠁‹)   What do you intend to do? or What are you planning to do? In more casual situations it would  be  fine to use nan. As a general rule,  if the word following what begins with a syllable from the t, n, and d groups, use nan, as in: Nandeshou? (㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â€"ょ㠁†) What do you want? More on Using Nan vs. Nani Nan is used before  particles.  A particle is a word that shows the relationship of a word, phrase, or clause  to the rest of the sentence.  Particles are added to the end of sentences to  express the speaker  or writers  emotions, such as doubt, emphasis, caution, hesitation, wonder, or admiration. You might use  nan   with a phrase such as /㠁 ®, /㠁 § (which means of the and is pronounced no de)  and verb da/desu (打㠁 §Ã£ â„¢ ), meaning it is hitting or it is striking. Nani is used before: /㠁‹ (meaning or and pronounced as ka)  and /㠁 « (meaning into a and pronounced as ni). Be careful when you use nan because, for example, if you use  nan  before ka  (/㠁‹), which means or, it would sound like the word nanka  (㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£ â€¹), which means things like. Another example would be if you were to use  nan with  ni (/㠁 «), it would be nanni  (㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  «), meaning why, but this sounds very much like nannimo  (㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  «Ã£â€šâ€š), which translates as nothing at all. Using Nani or Nan in Context You might use  nani  or  nan  in a restaurant. Depending on whether you are at a formal business luncheon or a casual eatery, you might use either of these terms. For example, at fast food eatery you might say: Osusume wa nan desu ka.  (㠁Šå‹ §Ã£â€š Ã£  ¯Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹) What do you recommend?Are wa nan desu ka. (㠁‚ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š) What is that?   If you are at a more formal eatery, but you dont know what to order, you might ask a fellow diner: Nani ga oishii desu ka. (ä ½â€¢Ã£ Å'㠁Šã â€žÃ£ â€"㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š) What is good? If you are traveling on a train and need to ask for help from a stranger or train conductor, that would be considered a more formal situation in Japan. Thus, you would use  nani  and might say: Tsugi  wa  nani  eki  desu ka.  (æ ¬ ¡Ã£  ¯Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã© §â€¦Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š) What is the next station? However, if you are traveling with a friend, you might use   the informal  nan, as in: Nan-ji  ni  demasu  ka.  (ä ½â€¢Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£  «Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š)   What time does it leave?

The truth about convergence of living standards across the world Essay

The truth about convergence of living standards across the world - Essay Example Concerning this, reviewing the academic literature in this issue would make sense. A certain study was able to probe and contribute to the upward spiral number of economic growth literatures by employing other social indicators alternative to per capita income (Hobijn and Franses, 2001; Ciscar and Soria, 2000; Fung, 2009; Welsch and Bonn, 2008). Some of these papers found that the convergence in GDP per capita does not necessarily mean convergence in other social indicators. However, as observed the gap between rich and poor can be examined in real GDP per capita and in living standards. Another study stood in stark contrast with the findings generated by Hobijn and Franses (Neumayer, 2003). In this research, various tests of convergence were employed including regression analysis, the coefficient of variation, kernel density estimates and transition probability matrices. This study contains an argument that convergence should be measured based on the living standards and not in achi evement index. Concerning this, the proponent of the study chose to include life expectancy, infant survival, educational enrolment, literacy and telephone and television availability as important aspects of living standards. Neumayer found that there was a strong evidence to support the convergence of the mentioned aspects of living standards. ... Based on the above findings, it is imperative to consider that economic convergence remains a very important economic issue for more relevant academic explorations. Regarding this, the proponent of this paper tries to understand up to what extent is the hypothesis that there will eventually be convergence of living standards across the world supported by theoretical and empirical research. Per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product) In many convergence studies, per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the common measure of the country’s economic growth. After all, it measures the total output of a country by dividing the GDP with the number of people in it (Todaro and Smith, 2011; Angeles, 2008; Egger et al., 2004; ). Based on this logical approach behind the meaning of per capita GDP, many economists find it useful to use it for comparing relative performance between countries. When one wants to know the level of productivity of a certain country, a rise in per capita GDP could potentially signal economic growth. Therefore, per capita income of poor countries should relatively higher than developed countries in order to realize convergence of living standards. However, this argument is widely debatable because there are also many studies trying to point out that there is continuing divergence of living standards all over the world (Cole and Neumayer, 2003; Portnov and Erell, 2004; Allen, 2012; Ravallion and Jalan, 1996; Morgan, 2009; Rakowski, 1994; Decancq et al., 2009). In the first place, there are also many empirical measures associated with finding the living standards. It turns out that per capita GDP is just one of them. Convergence

Skyfall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Skyfall - Essay Example A good film will undergo multiple scripting and deliberations on the most effective elements that are likely to make it a classic piece. From the graphics, the scenes, the background setting, color, soundtrack and lighting, are examples of decisions that the production has to decide on befor5e the movie can be cast. In short, the team does not wake up one day and go to the field to shoot a movie. Common decisions they have to make include the cinematic and theoretical elements of the movie. In differentiating between these two elements, this paper will analyse the film â€Å"Skyfall† that features James Bond, Javier Silva, Gareth Mallory, Eve, Severine, Q, Tanner, Patrice, Kincade and M. From the filming of the â€Å"Skyfall†, the director portrays a series of cinematic and theoretical episodes, making the audience get the feeling of watching a film that still can be referred to as a play. The film begins with a cinematic element in a chase where Patrice an agent of Sil va is in a hot pursuit from Bond. This takes place after a raid of the M16 offices and crucial information is stolen. However, Bond is shot by Eve his colleague and falls into a river. This dramatic turn of events is prompts others to think that Bond died from the shot. Theatrically, the movie portrays various characters that are in the cast, with unveiling of undercover agents deployed by the NATO in dangerous places. However, the setting is yet again replaced by a cinematic setting where Bond re-emerges from a beach, safe and ready to keep on with his mission (Wilson, 2012). Bond picks up with his mission of tracking Patrice and retrieving the hard disc containing information about the secret agents operations. From the trip to Shanghai to casinos in Macau, he desperately searches for the accomplice. This search and the various encounters of Bond with agents working for Silva, both Cinematic and Theatrical elements are portrayed. When Patrice and Bond start a fight after the killi ng of M16 agents, music is played all the way to the moment when Bond overcomes Patrice who falls of from the storied building. The music does not only make the scene interesting but also creates a cinematic element. After a long search of Patrice, Bond finds him at a casino in Macau. The two rivals start yet another fight in which music is played as they engage in a heated fight that is a measure of strength and wits. Music is also played all through this scene in order to pass time. The scene would have appeared boring as little was said by the two. Therefore, to keep the viewer engaged and as a way of killing time, music was played (Wilson, 2012). In the fight between Bond and Patrice at the casino in Macau, a cinematic scene is created when the two face off each other in presence of animals. The appeal of this to the audience is interesting and captivating too. To win the hearts of the audience, the directors make the Bond character strong and therefore this entices them to stay by his side as he hunts and kills the bad people. This is too cinematic. On the other hand, a few scenes from the film portray the theatrical part of a film. In Macau where Bond tracks Silva, Bond gets into a fight with agents of Silva. He fights them, killing all of them. Although this reveals him as a strong character, his ability to do so single handed is questionable by the

City of New London Essay Example for Free

City of New London Essay The City of New London exercised its power of eminent domain to appropriate properties of a number of its citizens for purposes of selling it to private developers. Unwilling citizens including petitioner Suzette Kelo and other similarly situated individuals contested the aforementioned governmental action saying that it was done in violation of the takings clause in the Constitution. The city, on the other hand, argues that there was compliance with the requirements in the Fifth Amendment because the integrated development plan was intended for public use, i. e. to develop the barren land which will eventually lead to the creation of employment opportunities for the citizens as well as increased revenue for the city which had been earlier labeled as a â€Å"distressed municipality. † All the State courts have ruled in favor of the validity of the proposed takings. Issue: Does the public purpose intended by New London in the appropriation satisfy the public use requirement of the Takings Clause in the Constitution? Rule: The rule involved is the Taking Clause of the Constitution’s Fifth Amendment which states that â€Å"No person shall be †¦ deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. † Application: The rule clearly states that the government may only appropriate private properties if the intended use is for the general public. However, in this case, the state is in effect appropriating the private properties with the end of transferring it to another private entity which is tasked to undertake the project that will yield public use. Conclusion: The Court made a distinction between two kinds of expropriation. The first involves the taking of private property for direct governmental benefit which will lead to public use. On the other hand, the second type of taking has to do with seizing private property and transferring it in the name of another private entity for purposes of developing it on the condition that there is a â€Å"future public use. † The taking involved in New City did not grant undue advantage to the private company because there remains a legitimate purpose provided to the government. Further, it is not necessary that all the citizens will be benefited by the taking. It is sufficient that the private lessees of the developed land will cater to the general public. The Court likewise emphasized that the attainment of public use criterion is sometimes better served when delegated to private corporations rather than when undertaken by the government itself. Therefore, economic development squarely comes within the public use requirement under the Takings Clause in the Constitution. Critique: In the case of Kelo v City of New London, the Court accorded a very liberal construction of the Takings Clause of the Constitution when it allowed the expropriation of the private property in favor of another private property. At the very outset, the controversy already becomes very apparent. As have been pointed out by Justice O’Connor, the government may freely exercise its power of eminent domain so long as it complies with the requirements of the Constitution, namely â€Å"just compensation† and â€Å"public use,† with the latter being the most contentious phrase in this case. Would it suffice that there is incidental public benefit derivable from the expropriation? The clear reading of the black letter law answers in the negative. The power of eminent domain should only strictly be for the government’s benefit. Whatever incidental or fringe advantage should be left for other adjacent private properties, but most certainly, not the other way around. All the more that it should not be confused with the more sweeping term â€Å"general welfare. † The implication of this decision hence renders nugatory the â€Å"Public Use† clause in its entirety. Furthermore, this case establishes a dangerous precedent. One should note the composition of the local governments as well as those in the congress. They are all affluent individuals who are more often than not propertied private individuals, too. They can easily invoke this case to justify the undue advantage they have for themselves. Justice O’Connor had this possibility in mind when she stated that now those citizens with disproportionate influence and power in the political process, including large corporations and development firms can exploit the weak who had nothing but the lands passed down to them. Ordinarily, judicial activism is resorted to for purposes of maintaining equity and social justice especially when the law is too oppressive for the majority (Morgan, 2001). However, this case is an outlier as it sanctioned the suppression. Thayer has enumerated at least three evils that attend the increased exercise of judicial review. First, the Congress grows more and more accustomed to turning the subject of constitutional restraints over to the courts, falling insensibly into a habit of â€Å"assuming that whatever they may constitutionally do, they may do. † Second, the people become more careless in electing their representatives since the few and, presumably, wiser occupants of the Bench are there to protect them anyway should the incompetence of these legislators shine eventually. Finally, judicial review is inherently not preferable because the correction of laws come â€Å"from the outside† and so those people primarily tasked to make the laws lose the opportunity to improve their own political competence (Wolfe, 1997). References Morgan, D. G. (2001). A judgment too far? : judicial activism and the constitution. Ireland: Cork University Press. Powers, S. (2002). The Least Dangerous Branch? Consequences of Judicial Activism. Connecticut: Praeger. Schmidt, S. W. , Shelley, M. C. , Bardes, B. A. (2008). American Government Politics Today. Boston: Cengage Learning Inc. Wolfe, C. (1997). Judicial activism: bulwark of freedom or precarious security? New York: Rowman Littlefield.

What Is Organization? Essay -- Management

To organize means to determine what activities are necessary for a specific purpose and to encourage them in groups, which are assigned to individuals. An organisation is a complex social system, which brings together many individuals for a given purpose. It is also an arrangement of personnel to facilitate the accomplishment of a given purpose through the allocation of functions and responsibilities. To further understand the definition of organisation let us consider the definition developed by Max Weber. Like any other field of study, and like organisation themselves, organizational analysis has a tradition. That tradition leans heavily on Max Weber, who is known for his analysis of bureaucracy and authority, topics that will be considered later. Weber also concerned himself with the more general definitions of organisation. In his definition he first distinguishes the "corporate group" from other forms of social organisation (Weber, 1947). The corporate group involves "a social relationship with either closed or limits the admission of outsiders by rules... so far as its order is enforced by the action of specific individuals whose regular function this is, of a chief or `head' and usually also a administrative staff." This aspect of the definition contains a number of elements that need further discussion, since they are basic to most other such definition. In the first place, organisation involves social relationship. That is, individuals interact within the organization. However as the reference to closed or limited boundaries suggests, these individual are not simply in random contact. The organisation (corporate group) includes some parts of the population and exc... ...inciples, developing models of organisation that were overly rational and mechanistic. The Type 2 theorist, to a large degree, represented a counterpoint to the rational-mechanistic view. The current stage of organisation theory more fully reflects the contribution of the type 3. Contingency advocates have taken the insights provided by the earlier theorists and reframed them in a situational context. Nevertheless, we should not conclude that the findings of the earlier management thinkers would be useless in the future. For, example many of the concepts developed by early classical writers are still of value today; the study of the management task in terms of functions performed and the use of management principle as guides to actions are still very much with us and are expected to remain valuable. Few who manage will be able to escape at least some of their impact.

Role of Conflict

Chelsea Williams Role of Conflict The two stories I chose were â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"The Carnival Dog, the Buyer of Diamonds† by Ethan Canin. Both conflicts have similar ideas, which can be compared and contrasted as I have below. These elements include theme, setting and characters. The first element to discus is theme. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin the theme is the self-independence of women. In the beginning of the story, the main character, Louise Mallard mourns over the death of her husband, Mallard.As the story progresses, Louise Mallard grows as she sees the new found freedom she has been given at the loss of her husband. â€Å"†¦ she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Though, at the end of the story it is brought to light that the death of Brent Mallard was false belief, and her idealism of being free is diminished. With this sho ck along with her heart problem, she died from a heart attack. It seems Louise feels her inner emotions are trapped and confined through her marriage, home and even heart. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long. † In the time this story takes place a woman’s independence is frowned upon and she probably felt forced into the marriage and having a man in her life instead of being independent and making her own decisions. In â€Å"The Carnival Dog, Buyer of Diamonds† by Ethan Canin the theme is in order to achieve contentment, you must do what you want, not what someone else wants for you. It is quite similar to that of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin.In the story Abe Lufkin always taught his son, the main character, Myron what not to do, especially to never quit. Myron lived his life the way his father wanted him to live it. He always pushed his son because he wanted Myron to be a spitting image of himself. Myron thought differently though. Throughout the story, Myron tries several times to veer from his father’s choices for him. Like the time Myron and Abe were to race to see if Myron would go to Judaism camp or not, Myron wanted so badly to beat his father and have his way, but he ends up letting Abe win. â€Å".He sprinted back down to the house, sat down on the stops, and decided it wasn’t so bad to go to the mountains in July. † When given the chance, he ends up giving up and letting his father win. He believes that something this small isn’t worth the fight in the end. Though, later on Myron is faced with a much larger decision. He is unhappy in medical school and wants to quit so that he can find contentment in doing what he wants, even though he knows his father won’t agree. This was his biggest decision to escape his father but he fails. Abe dominates Myron, once again as he always has.Myron ends up backing down and ultimately letting his father win as he always has. â€Å"Do you give? † â€Å"What? † â€Å"Do you give? † â€Å"You mean, will I go back to school? † â€Å"That’s what I mean. † â€Å"Look,† Myron said, â€Å"you’re crazy. † â€Å"Give me your answer. † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"I give. † In the end, Myron continues to live under his father. The second element to discuss is the setting. The Setting in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin seems to have great influence towards the conflict of the story. The story seems to be set in the time that the author, Kate Chopin lived in, around the nineteenth century.This was a time when a woman’s independence was looked down on. At this time they believed a man was needed in a woman’s life to support her. It was a woman’s job to stay home – to cook, clean, and take care of everything in the household. A woman was confined to the home, and men were the ones who went out into the outside world to work and do other things. Households weren’t two people coming together like they are today. They were male dominant. This is the life that Louise felt she had to live because that’s how society said it had to be.She was trapped in her own lifestyle. The setting in â€Å"The Carnival Dog, Buyer of Diamonds† by Ethan Canin also has an important role towards the conflict of the story. When Myron goes off to The Albert Einstein medical school he is on his own. Though here he feels somewhat trapped. The smell of the school is the same smells of his father, which reminds him of how Abe is getting old. This seems to be parallel to Myron’s thoughts of missing out on what makes him happy. â€Å"No, it wasn’t death that bothered Myron; it was the downhill plunge of the living body? he muscles that stretched off the bones into folders, the powdery flesh odors of middle-aged men. † His father’s life is diminishing, but Myron’s soul is diminishing because he is pursuing what someone else wants for him instead of what he wants. â€Å"That was why Myron wanted to quit medical school. He hated the demise of the spirit. † Through this journey he realizes that he is no longer on constant watch by his father. He took up running and seemed to find freedom. It was his way of letting go where he could do what he wanted and not what anyone else did.Myron’s surroundings made his mind click into realizing his full potential because his father isn’t around to tell him otherwise. The third element is the characters. Mrs. Louise Mallard is the main character in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† By Kate Chopin. She is a woman who wants to be independent, but never had the opportunity until her husband passed. â€Å"When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She sai d it over and over under her breath: ‘free, free, free! ’† Freedom was like a release to her, probably because it wasn’t something that women had back then.This didn’t mean she didn’t love her husband though. â€Å"And yet she had loved him? sometimes. Often she had not. † She may have been forced into a marriage too quickly, which is why she felt this way. She seemed to be held back from her thoughts of independence, but when her husband died it was brought to light. Myron Lufkin is the main character in â€Å"The Carnival Dog, the Buyer of Diamonds. † He as well wants freedom to do what he wants, but instead he pursues what his father, Abe wants for him. He was very obedient to his father and always listened to him.Myron had always wanted to gain the courage to go against his father’s will. â€Å"†¦he knew, there was something in beating his father that was like the toppling of an ancient king. † But no matte r how he thought he could stand up to his father, he always gave up. This is what held Myron back from pursuing his own dreams instead of his fathers. Both stories envelop crushed ideas of freedom interpreted in different ways Every time Myron felt he would stand up against his father he backed down and let his fathers opinion overtake his own.Abe always wanted things done the way he saw them, and Myron always listened and followed. Myron had many opportunities to pursue his own freedom, but always ended up giving in to his father. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Louise Mallard was trapped in her own life. She only realized her potential freedom when her husband died. She was finally free and independent. Unfortunately this idea was false as Brently was not actually killed, and the overwhelming news and shut down dreams caused her to die of a heart attack. Both characters had ideal freedoms that were never pursued.

Effects of Communication on Employee Essay

This study explores the positive effects of effective communication on employee motivation and performance. Specifically, in intends to compare the results between service employees and manufacturing employees in terms of communication as a motivating factor. The theories used in this study to create a conceptual framework are Herzberg Two factor theory, Goal Theory, and the circular theory of communication. The concept is that when hygiene and motivator factors are high, goals can be developed, but can only be effective only if the message was disseminated effectively. The study uses quantitative research on service and manufacturing employees. They were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire with ranking questions and some open-ended questions. The study found that there were only slight differences in the motivator factors for both set of respondents but there service employees are higher in hygiene. Both industries, however, see communication as an important factor in motivation. However, they only experience high hygiene, but less motivator, which means that they are not fully motivated. It has been suggested that the companies of the employees surveyed should invest on improving the motivator factors within the working environment and improve communication flows. CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND This study examines the importance of communication on the performance and motivation of employees. The target samples of the study are employees from service and manufacturing companies. This allows seeing the importance of organizational communication in two different angles – that is the difference between the views of service and manufacturing companies regarding the matter. Comparison of these views may lead to the development of new hypotheses or theories that may contribute to human resource management research. In this chapter, the nature of problem is presented and discussed. The backgrounds of different variables related to the study were also featured. Here, the aims, objectives, problem statements and significance of the study were also explained. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Employees Employees basically refer to people who work for another in return for wages or salary (Gillis, 2004). Legally, an employee is referred to a person hired to provide services to a company on a regular basis in exchange for compensation, and who does not provide these services as part of an independent business (Gillis, 2004). However, Gillis (2004) stated that employees are more than any of those definitions. Employees are the lifeblood of the organization because they are the ones who provide products and services that define corporations, organizations and government entities (Gillis, 2004). They are referred to as the most precious assets of the organization because without them, the organization is crippled and cannot function effectively. Because of the important role of employees, organizations have the responsibility to motivate them so as they can function more effectively. Theories of motivation such as Maslow’s theory, Alfelder’s theory, McClelland’s theory, and Herzberg’s theory (Mullins, 1999) explain why employees should be motivated and why organizations should take this concept into consideration. But what really constitutes effective employee motivation? Several research and organizational reports point positive communication as one of the most important factors that build effective employee motivation. For instance, Riccomini (2005) cited a couple of organizational research by General Electric and Hewlett-Packard in the eighties that concludes: â€Å"The better the managers’ communication, the more satisfied the employees were with all aspects of their work life†. Building a positive communication with employees is important because they are the organizationâ€℠¢s best ambassadors or loudest critics, depending on how fast they get relevant information and the context in which it is received (Howard, 1998). Information consistency affects the success of the company and if it fails to communicate information internally and externally, the reputation of the company may fall. Communication basically uplifts the morale of an employee as it makes them feel that they are valued by the  organization. This also builds employee loyalty and satisfaction. As Goldfarb (1990) stated: â€Å" Employers are becoming more aware that employee loyalty, commitment, and concern for quality depend on effective employee communication. Communication Communication is not just important to an organization, but is an important component in everyday human life. Gamble and Gamble (1999) stated: â€Å"Communication is the core of our humanness†, and that â€Å"how we communicate with each other shapes our lives and our world† (p.4). Communicative skills help humans to reach out to one another or to confront events that challenge our flexibility, integrity, expressiveness and critical thinking skills (Gamble and Gamble, 1999). Communication is rather complex to define in a single sentence. In a glimpse, however, it has many types which include: interpersonal communication; intrapersonal; group communication; public communication; mass communication; and online or machine-assisted communication (Gamble and Gamble, 1999). Interpersonal communication means to interact with another person, while intrapersonal means to interact with oneself, or to reason with or evaluate self (Gamble and Gamble, 1999). Group communication, on the other hand, is defined as the process of interacting with a limited number of others, work to share information, develop ideas, make decisions, solve problems, offer support, or have fun (Gamble and Gamble, 1999). Mass communication, is communicating to a large number of people using media (television, newspaper, internet, radio), and finally, online or machine assisted communication deals with communicating through the use of online software that are programmed to interact with browsers or users (Gamble and Gamble, 1999). Communication is also categorized into two: verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication means the use of the spoken word when communicating, while non-verbal communication means using other medium such as body signals, writing etc. (Gamble and Gamble, 1999). Communication undergoes a process, which involves the information source, the transmitter, noise source, receiver and destination. This is based on the communication theory (see figure 1) that was developed by Shannon and Weaver (1949). The information source is the communicator of the information, which then uses a specific type of transmitter or medium (e.g. verbal, written, telephone, etc). The receiver receives the information, but the information can be affected by a specific noise source, which can be a distraction from anyone or anywhere. The receiver then interprets the message and finally puts the communicated message in its destination (Bryant and Heath, 2000). Figure 1: Shannon and Weaver Theory of Communication The theory of communication evolved over the years, but the model of Shannon and Weaver (1949) is one of the firsts that explains the process of communication. Today, communication is being regarded as an important factor in business, and that the ability of the company to communicate can determine its success. Business Communication Communication is important in business because a business environment is a place where many interactions are needed, and much information should be acquired (Eckhaus, 1999). It always involves openly competitive activity, in which working professionals debate issues, defend positions, and evaluate the arguments of others (Eckhaus, 1999). Most working professionals, particularly those in middle and upper management, routinely produce a variety of messages, many of which are in the written form of memoranda, electronic mail, letters, reports, performance reviews, instructions, procedures, and proposals (Eckhaus, 1999). It is also argued that a fuller understanding of organizations is a vital ingredient at every forward step of the career process, and that communication is a primary element for understanding how organizations function and how members of the organization should, even must, behave in organizations if they are to  advance their careers (Harris, 1993). The practice of effective communication within the organization is also linked with the development of a healthy corporate culture, job satisfaction of employees, and the happiness and productivity of employees (Harris, 1993). Communication skills are also important to organization leaders because it helps them manage the company more effectively (Harris, 1993). Companies recognize the importance of communication that is why it is a barometer in hiring or measuring employee performance. Waner (1995) found that companies want their employees to maintain confidentiality, write persuasively, write routine letters, use proper placement and format, compose at the keyboard, and write special types of letters. Furthermore, interpersonal and oral skills were rated as very important. Also, basic English as well as abilities dealing with ethics, morals, values, and sensitivity were rated either important or very important (Waner, 1995). Although there were proven studies that communication promotes positive improvement in organizations, specifically motivation and performance improvements of employees, studies often fail to compare the level of importance of communication in terms of firm industry types. Firms of today can either belong to the manufacturing or service industry. Each industry has different traits and characteristic from the other. Service industries sell and produce intangible services, while manufacturing companies sell tangible manufactured products. The management of the service firm is basically different the manufacturing firm because they have different organizational structures, services and products being provided, and working systems. STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES While many organizations believe that positive employee communication promotes employee motivation, this belief can still be considered as a complex issue because of the changing nature of  organizations and the differences of their structure. For instance, the old employee communication paradigm relied on top-down approaches to reach their employees (Edelman, 2004). Today, this has already been replaced by new communication paradigms where employees â€Å"ping† sources both inside and outside their organization for information (Edelman, 2004). Employees are now basically treated as consumers. The Workplace Communication Consultancy (2005) even reported that statistics show â€Å"90% of those who are kept fully informed are motivated to deliver added value; while those who are kept in the dark almost 80% are not†. However, such results are not industry specific. Industries vary in terms of culture – for instance, service versus manufacturing industry. Thus, this study will confirm the effects of positive communication on employee motivation in two specific industries – service and manufacturing. The following are the research objectives of the study: 1. To confirm the effectiveness of positive communication on employee motivation. 2. To determine the effects of positive communication on employee motivation in service companies. 3. To determine the effects of positive communication on employee motivation in manufacturing companies. 4. To find out if the relationship between positive communication and employee motivation depends on which industry the organization is into. Needless to say, two groups of companies will be surveyed in this study –from the service industry; and from the manufacturing industry. The results from the two groups will be compared and evaluated to determine if the relationship between positive communication and employee motivation depends on a specific type of industry. Hypothesis The study aims to test the hypothesis that: â€Å"managers in manufacturing companies give importance to motivation but their employees are less motivated compared with service companies†. The reason why that hypothesis is developed is because of the  difference between service and manufacturing company operations and process. For instance, since the service companies already dominated the market and most of their employees have higher salaries compared to manufacturing workers, there are great differences in terms of motivational factors. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study is significant to both service and manufacturing companies because it offers insights on which industry gives higher importance to communication. Through this study, the importance of communication in organization is once again emphasized. However, the comparison between the two business industries gives new insights and may develop new hypotheses for future studies. This study may help develop theories for service and manufacturing companies on how communication can be used as a tool to motivate employees to improve their performance or work. This study is also significant to communication and business students. For communication students, this study may benefit them because it may serve as a reference when it comes to communication theories or the role of communication in business. On the other hand, for business students, this paper may also serve them as a useful academic reference tool. Through this study, they will realize early the importance of communication and how this can help them become motivated or more active at work. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Because the aim of this study is to determine a possible motivational factor for employees (which is specifically â€Å"communication†), the theoretical frameworks that have been chosen for this study are motivational theories – a content motivation theory; and a process motivation theory. Theories of motivation can be divided into two: the content theories; and the process theories (Mullins, 1999). Content theories emphasize the factors that motivate individuals. Examples of content theories are Maslow’s theory, Alfelder’s theory, McClelland’s theory, and Herzberg’s theory (Mullins, 1999). On the other hand, the emphasis on process theories is on the actual  process of motivation. Some examples of process theories are Expectancy theories, equity theory, goal theory, and social learning theory (Mullins, 1999). The content motivation theory that has been chosen as one of the frameworks for this study is Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory or Motivator-Hygiene Theory. This theory basically extended Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory and is more directly applicable to the work situation (Steers, 1983; Kreitner and Kinicki, 1998). Herzberg’s research suggested that motivation is composed of two largely unrelated dimensions: job-related factors which can prevent dissatisfaction, but do not promote employees’ growth and development (hygiene); and job-related factors that encourage growth (motivators) (Steers, 1983; Kreitner and Kinicki, 1998). Herzberg’s theory is the first of its kind to emphasize the importance of non-monetary rewards in motivating employees (Gevity Institute, 2005). According to this theory, satisfying experiences are most often associated with the non-monetary, or intrinsic, content of the work. This includes variables such as achievement, recognition, personal growth, personal responsibility and the characteristics of the work (Gevity Institute, 2005). These factors are called motivators. When people are satisfied, they attribute their satisfaction to the work itself and not on the environment in which they work (Manisera et al, 2005). On the other hand, dissatisfying experiences result from the extrinsic work environment (Gevity Institute, 2005). These factors include company policies, salary, co-worker relations, supervisor relationships, status, supervision, personal life and job security (Herzberg, 1966; Gevity Institute, 2005). Extrinsic factors cause a person who feels neutral about the job to feel dissatisfied and less motivated (Herzberg, 1966; Gevity Institute, 2005). The theory explains that workers basically attribute their dissatisfaction to the environment in which they work, or conditions that surround the doings of the job (Herzberg, 1966; Gevity Institute, 2005). This is also known as the â€Å"Hygiene factor† (Herzberg, 1966). This should be continually maintained because employees never completely satisfied (Manisera et al, 2005). Manisera et al (2005) noted that when the hygiene factors are very low, workers are dissatisfied. However, when hygiene factors are met, workers are not dissatisfied but it does not necessarily mean that they are satisfied or motivated to work. The same goes for the motivator factors. When motivators  are met, workers are satisfied leading to higher performance. However, when motivators are not met, workers are not satisfied but it does not necessarily mean they are dissatisfied with their work. For this study, the following are the motivators and hygiene that affects the employees: HygieneMotivator 1.Supervisor’s participation level 2.Supervisor’s directions/expectations. 3.Supervisor’s communication approach to employees. 4.Supervisor’s willingness to help employees on problems concerning work information or directions. 5.Supervisor’s preferred medium when communicating with employees. 6.The level of noise where communication takes place. 7.How information about salaries or company policies are communicated to employees. 1.The employee receives appraisals or compliments when a job is well done. 2.The employee is being given awards for performance and this is broadcasted or made known throughout the company. 3.The responsibility of the employee is well-communicated or well-explained in terms of its contribution to the company. 4.Improvements are well-communicated to employees. 5.Employees receive briefing or information regarding changes in management or company policies. 6.Employees feel they are part of the company. 7.Employee mistake are corrected through strategic communication by the supervisor. On the other hand, the process motivation theory adopted for this study is the goal theory of motivation. In the late 1960s, Edwin Locke proposed that intentions to work toward a goal are a major source of work motivation (Locke and Latham, 1990). That means the goal will tell the people what needs to be done and how much effort will need to be put in order to fulfill the goal and target of the organization (Locke and Latham, 1990). The key steps in applying goal setting are: (1) diagnosis for readiness; (2) preparing employees via increased interpersonal interaction, communication,  training, and action plans for goal setting; (3) emphasizing the attributes of goals that should be understood by a manager and subordinates; (4) conducting intermediate reviews to make necessary adjustments in established goals; and (5) performing a final review to check the goals set, modified, and accomplished (Matteson, 1999).

Aisha Rapant Essays (250 words) - Philosophy, French People

Aisha Rapant Essays (250 words) - Philosophy, French People Aisha Rapant Capsule 2 The Stranger Destiny In the book The Stranger, Albert Camus writes one sentence in Part One that really stands out to me, and the importance behind the main character. Maurice, after his mother dies, is offered a job promotion, in which he declines. He responds with, "I said that people never change their lives, that in any case one life was as good as another and that I wasn't dissatisfied with mine here at all". To me, this opens the basis on which he lives his whole life by. It's stating that everyone here on earth has the same status in life. We cannot move up or down. Our only purpose of life is death; We were only born to die. Maurice believes in one's destiny (and not free will), in which the human existence may be able to change small details, and the day-to-day activities, but in the end, we'll all end up dead. He feels no need to accept the job promotion, as there is no need for it. At the end of the book when he finally reflects on his mother's passing, he explains why death is a whole is the reason behind this constant thought of life in this way. The book also explains how at the beginning, he exemplified no grief towards her passing, and how he forgot the exact day she passed, only vaguely referencing it. Throughout the book, he portrays his serious challenge to the morals of society.

Quotes for Saying Goodbye

Quotes for Saying Goodbye Moving on sometimes becomes inevitable. Whether it is to pursue a new job opportunity, go to school, or care for a loved one, people often relocate. When you move away, it can be challenging to leave your old life behind and say goodbye to friends, family, neighbors, and colleagues. Finding the words to express how you feel can be even harder. Saying goodbye becomes a little easier with the help of quotes from famous writers, artists, and entertainers. You can borrow some of their tender words and use them in your saying goodbye messages, cards, and presents. The words will reverberate in the hearts of your loved ones. J.M. Barrie Never say goodbye because goodbye means going away and going away means forgetting. Alfred Tennyson Gone- flitted away,Taken the stars from the night and the sunFrom the day!Gone, and a cloud in my heart. Ernie Harwell Its time to say goodbye, but I think goodbyes are sad and Id much rather say hello. Hello to a new adventure. Trey Parker Saying goodbye doesnt mean anything. Its the time we spent together that matters, not how we left it. Tom Petty You and I will meet again, When were least expecting it, One day in some far-off place, I will recognize your face, I wont say goodbye my friend, For you and I will meet again. Genevieve Gorder And the relationships that happen become so intense, deep, involved, and complex and really hard to say goodbye to. The hardest part of the show is saying goodbye when its all done. It really breaks you. William Shakespeare Parting is such sweet sorrow that I shall say goodnight till it be morrow. Ann M. Martin I wonder how you say goodbye to someone forever? Angela Ruggiero It feels right. But its emotional. Saying goodbye to anything youve done that long is hard. Robert Southey No distance of place or lapse of time can lessen the friendship of those who are thoroughly persuaded of each others worth. Richard Bach Can miles truly separate you from friends? If you want to be with someone you love, arent you already there? Victor Hugo Promise to give me a kiss on my brow when I am dead. I shall feel it. George Eliot Only in the agony of parting do we look into the depths of love. Kay Knudsen Love is missing someone whenever youre apart, but somehow feeling warm inside because youre close in heart. Nicholas Sparks The reason it hurts so much to separate is because our souls are connected. Dr. Seuss Remember me and smile, for its better to forget than to remember me and cry. Helen Rowland A man never knows how to say goodbye; a woman never knows when to say it. Henry David Thoreau Nothing makes the earth seem so spacious as to have friends at a distance; they make the latitudes and longitudes. Meredith Willson Where is the good in goodbye? R.M. Grenon Goodbye, goodbye, I hate the word. Solitude has long since turned brown and withered, sitting bitter in my mouth and heavy in my veins. Jarod Kintz Goodbyes, they often come in waves. Cassandra Clare You endure what is unbearable, and you bear it. That is all. A.A. Milne How lucky I am to have something that makes saying goodbye so hard. Charles Dickens The pain of parting is nothing to the joy of meeting again. Paulo Coelho If you are brave enough to say goodbye, life will reward you with a new hello. Charlie Brown Goodbye always makes my throat hurt. William Cowper Absence from whom we love is worse than death, and frustrates hope severer than despair. Khalil Gibran Ever has it been that love knows not its own depth until the hour of separation. Yann Martel It’s important in life to conclude things properly. Only then can you let go. Otherwise you are left with words you should have said but never did, and your heart is heavy with remorse. Alan Alda The best things said come last. People will talk for hours saying nothing much and then linger at the door with words that come with a rush from the heart. John Gay We only part to meet again. Mahatma Gandhi There are no goodbyes for us. Wherever you are, you will always be in my heart. Helen Keller So long as the memory of certain beloved friends lives in my heart, I shall say that life is good. Rumi Goodbyes are only for those who love with their eyes. Because for those who love with heart and soul there is no such thing as separation. Irish Blessing May the road rise up to meet you, may the wind be ever at your back. May the sun shine warm upon your face and the rain fall softly on your fields. And until we meet again, may God hold you in the hollow of his hand. Claudia Adrienne Grandi If I had a single flower for every time I think of you, I could walk forever in my garden.

Pharmacology case studies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pharmacology studies - Case Study Example It busulfan falls in the categories of immunosuppressive Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating agents and Myeloablative Agents. It works by interupting replication of DNA and transcription of RNA ultimately causing disruption in the nucleic acid functions. In the end it induces irreversible apoptosis and therefore disrupts the spread of cancerous cells. Busulfan is used therapeutically in synergy with cyclophosphamide to produce a conditioning course of therapy before progenitor cell transplant protocols in Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia. The drug is also used widely in the used as part of the pre-transplant preparations for those patients requiring bone marrow transplants for advanced Myeloid LeuKaemia as well as other conditions that are non-malignant. This is therefore a very important chemotherapeutic agent in the management of Myeloid Leukaemia and other non-malignant cancers due its apoptosis causing effects on target cancerous cells. The drug is in three forms i.e. 2mg tablets; 25 mg capsules a liquid injection. Delivery of the drug is therefore possible through the oral and intravenous routes. When used in the treatment of Chronic Myeloid leukaemia, the drug should be given as follows; the patient should first be pre-medicated with anti-convulsion drugs followed by an initial busulfan dose of 60 mcg/kg/day or 1.8 mg/m ²; 4-8 mg PO qDay. Maintenance doses should be given subsequently at 1-4 mg/day to 2 mg/week PO. The patient is closely monitored and once the white blood cell count is 50,000/mcl the initial dosage should be resumed. When given in combination with cyclophosphamide, an intravenous dose of 0.8 mg/kg at intervals of 6 hours for four days until WBC count reaches 15,000/mm3. When preparing an intravenous injection dose the preferred diluents are NS or and D5W. It should be prepared with diluents volume being 10 times that of busulfan until the desirable concentration of >0.5 mg/ml is attained. The preparation is then prepared through

Early Colonial Constitutions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Early Colonial Constitutions - Research Paper Example ystem with several shortcomings became a vital element in the preparation of a new constitution for America and the colonial empire itself; the question is worth a thorough investigation. According to Scott (2011), Colonial governments by the Englishmen were said to have been formed in American colonies; however, they attained full development after they separated. Recently, Americans have started giving the topic a lot of attention just like the English writers gave it earlier on which is still a spectacle for many on why the sudden urge to know more about it. The colonial constitutions were simply early systems of governments formed in colonies. Some like those in Massachusetts from inception were established for the purpose of separating. Others like those in Virginia were meant to maintain the connection between them and their mother country and are still used up to date. The shallow but, still extremely prevalent view would result in the split-up of American colonies. George III, together with his advisers, was responsible for the blunders that resulted to the separation. Wallis (2010) notes that the biggest mistake was the failure to agree on a mutual understanding that was as a result of distance and complications of communication and religious sympathy differences. An example of a wrangle due to miss understanding arose when one among the many protestant parties triumphed in an election. When independence was declared in England, European settlers had stayed in America for approximately 250 years. Though the colonists were under the British crown the colonized colonies worked independently and had a vast experience in self- governance. Many urban towns held meetings and seminars to boost public businesses and some colonies had the program input in their governments’ programs. Later on they started to rebel as they felt that the British were continuously increasingly suppressing their self-governance. Before the 1750s colonists used to pay very few