Product life-cycle theory Essay

The product life-cycle theory is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of theHeckscher-Ohlin model to explain the observed pattern of international trade. The theory suggests that early in a product’s life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. In some situations, the product becomes an item that is imported by its original country of invention.[1] A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of thepersonal computer with respect to the United States. The model applies to labor-saving and capital-using products that (at least at first) cater to high-income groups. In the new product stage, the product is produced and consumed in the US; no export trade occurs. In the maturing product stage, mass-production techniques are developed and foreign demand (in developed countries) expands; the US now exports the product to other developed countries. In the standardized product stage, production moves to developing countries, which then export the product to developed countries. The model demonstrates dynamic comparative advantage. The country that has the comparative advantage in the production of the product changes from the innovating (developed) country to the developing countries. Product life-cycle There are five stages in a product’s life cycle: Introduction Growths Maturity Saturation Decline The location of production depends on the stage of the cycle. Introduction New products are introduced to meet local (i.e., national) needs, and new products are first exported to similar countries, countries with similar needs, preferences, and incomes. If we also presume similar evolutionary patterns for all countries, then products are introduced in the most advanced nations. (E.g., the IBM PCs were produced in the US and spread quickly throughout the industrialized countries.) A copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of production. (E.g., the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in the US.) The Period till the Maturity Stage is known as the Saturation Period. The industry contracts and concentrates—the lowest cost producer wins here. (E.g., the many clones of the PC are made almost entirely in lowest cost locations.) This is a period of stability. The sales of the product reach the peak and there is no further possibility to increase it. this stage is characterised by: Saturation of sales (at the early part of this stage sales remain stable then it starts falling). It continues till substitutes enter into the market. Marketer must try to develop new and alternative uses of product. Poor countries constitute the only markets for the product. Therefore almost all declining products are produced in developing countries. (E.g., PCs are a very poor example here, mainly because there is weak demand for computers in developing countries. A better example is textiles.) Note that a particular firm or industry (in a country) stays in a market by adapting what they make and sell, i.e., by riding the waves. For example, approximately 80% of the revenues of H-P are from products they did not sell five years ago. the profits go back to the host old country. Product Life Cycle Theory Raymond Vernon developed the international product life cycle theory in the 1960s. The international product life cycle theory stresses that a company will begin to export its product and later take on foreign direct investment as the product moves through its life cycle. Eventually a country’s export becomes its import. Although the model is developed around the U.S, it can be generalised and applied to any of the developed and innovative markets of the world. The product life cycle theory was developed during the 1960s and focused on the U.S since most innovations came from that market. This was an applicable theory at that time since the U.S dominated the world trade. Today, the U.S is no longer the only innovator of products in the world. Today companies design new products and modify them much quicker than before. Companies are forced to introduce the products in many different markets at the same time to gain cost benefits before its sales declines. The theory does not e xplain trade patterns of today. New trade theory New trade theory (NTT) is a collection of economic models in international trade which focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and network effects, which were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New trade theorists relaxed the assumption of constant returns to scale, and some argue that using protectionist measures to build up a huge industrial base in certain industries will then allow those sectors to dominate the world market. Less quantitative forms of a similar â€Å"infant industry† argument against totally free trade have been advanced by trade theorists since at least 1848 (see: History of free trade). Contents †¢1 The theory’s impact †¢2 Econometric testing †¢3 History of the theory’s development o3.1 â€Å"New† new trade theory †¢4 Theoretical foundations o4.1 See also o4.2 References o4.3 External links The theory’s impact Although there was nothing particularly ‘new’ about the idea of protecting ‘infant industries’ (an idea offered in theory since the 18th century, and in trade policy since the 1880s) what was new in â€Å"new trade theory† was the rigour of the mathematical economics used to model the increasing returns to scale, and especially the use of the network effect to argue that the formation of important industries was path dependent in a way which industrial planning and judicious tariffs might control. The models developed were highly technical, and predicted the possibilities of national specialization-by-industry observed in the industrial world (movies in Hollywood, watches in Switzerland, etc.). The story of path-dependent industrial concentrations can sometime lead to monopolistic competition or even situations of oligopoly. Some economists, such as Ha-Joon Chang, had argued that free trade would have prevented the development of the Japanese auto industries in the 1950s, when quotas and regulations prevented import competition. Japanese companies were encouraged to import foreign production technology but were required to produce 90% of parts domestically within five years. It is said[who?] that the short-term hardship of Japanese consumers (who were unable to buy the superior vehicles produced by the world market) was more than compensated for by the long-term benefits to producers, who gained time to out-compete their international rivals.[1] Econometric testing The econometric evidence for NTT was mixed, and highly technical. Due to the timescales required, and the particular nature of production in each ‘monopolizable’ sector, statistical judgements were hard to make. In many ways, the available data have been too limited to produce a reliable test of the hypothesis, which doesn’t require arbitrary judgements from the researchers. Japan is cited as evidence of the benefits of â€Å"intelligent† protectionism, but critics[who?] of NTT have argued that the empirical support post-war Japan offers for beneficial protectionism is unusual, and that the NTT argument is based on a selective sample of historical cases. Although many examples (like Japanese cars) can be cited where a ‘protected’ industry subsequently grew to world status, regressions on the outcomes of such â€Å"industrial policies† (which include failures) have been less  conclusive; some findings suggest that sectors targeted by Ja panese industrial policy had decreasing returns to scale and did not experience productivity gains.[2] History of the theory’s development The theory was initially associated with Paul Krugman in the late 1970s; Krugman claims that he heard about monopolistic competition from Robert Solow. Looking back in 1996 Krugman wrote that International economics a generation earlier had completely ignored returns to scale. â€Å"The idea that trade might reflect an overlay of increasing-returns specialization on comparative advantage was not there at all: instead, the ruling idea was that increasing returns would simply alter the pattern of comparative advantage.† In 1976, however, MIT-trained economist Victor Norman had worked out the central elements of what came to be known as the Helpman-Krugman theory. He wrote it up and showed it to Avinash Dixit. However, they both agreed the results were not very significant. Indeed Norman never had the paper typed up, much less published. Norman’s formal stake in the race comes from the final chapters of the famous Dixit-Norman book.[3] James Brander, a PhD student at Stanford at the time, was undertaking similarly innovative work using models from industrial organisation theory—cross-hauling—to explain two-way trade in similar products.[citation needed] â€Å"New† new trade theory Marc Melitz and Pol Antrà  s stated a new trend in the study of international trade. While new trade theory put emphasis on the growing trend of intermediate goods, this new trend emphasizes firm level differences in the same industry of the same country and this new trend is frequently called ‘new’ new trade theory (NNTT).[4][5] NNTT stresses the importance of firms rather than sectors in understanding the challenges and the opportunities countries face in the age of globalization.[6] As international trade is increasingly liberalized, industries of comparative advantage are expected to expand, while those of comparative disadvantage are expected to shrink, leading to an uneven spatial distribution of the corresponding economic activities. Within the very same industry, some firms are not able to cope with international competition while others thrive. The resulting intra-industry reallocations of market shares and productive resources are  much more pronounced than inter-industry reallocations driven by comparative advantage. Theoretical foundations New trade theory and â€Å"new† new trade theory (NNTT) need their own trade theory. New trade theories are often based on assumptions such as monopolistic competition and increasing returns to scale. One of the typical explanation, given by P. Krugman, depends on the assumption that all firms are symmetrical, meaning that they all have the same production coefficients. This is too strict as an assumption and deprived general applicability of Krugman’s explanation. Shiozawa, based on much more general model, succeeded in giving a new explanation on why the traded volume increases for intermediates goods when the transport cost decreases.[7] â€Å"New† new trade theory (NNTT) also needs new theorectical foundation. Melitz and his followers concentrate on empirical aspects and pay little interest on theoretical aspects of NNTT. Shiozawa’s new construction, or Ricardo-Sraffa trade theory, enables Ricardian trade theory to include choice of techniques. Thus the theory can treat a situation where there are many firms with different production processes. Based on this new theory, Fujimoto and Shiozawa[8] analyze how different production sites, either of competing firms or of the same firms locating in the different countries, compete. Porter’s Theory of Competitive Advantage of Nations of International Trade NIRAV S Micheal Porter’s Theory of Competitive Advantage of Nations against the Theory of Competitive advantage sought to examine the issue of why some nation’s business firms succeeded high in international/global competition. The theory of competitive advantage probes into three major aspects of trade phenomenon: i. Why does a nation succeed international in a particular industry? ii. What influence does a nation carry on competition in specific industries and their segments? iii. Why do a nation’s firms choose particular strategies of business? Porter’s analysis begins with following premises: 1. The nature of competition and the sources of competitive advantage differentials in the industries. 2. Successful global enterprises draw  competitive advantages through their value chain of worldwide network. 3. Innovation is the pillion of gaining/sustaining competitive advantage. 4. Pioneering and aggressive competitors in exploiting new market/technology are most successful. Porter undertook intensive research of 100 industries in ten countries. On the basis of empirical investigation, Porter identified for attributes of nation which determine (promote, impede) its competitive advantage referred to as Porter’s Diamond in. The Porter’s Diamond narrates for major attributes: Factor Conditions A country’s factor endowments or supply of factors of production such as human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, location, capital resources and infrastructure play a significant role in determining its national competitive advantage. Besides basic factors (e.g., natural resources, climate, etc.,) advanced factors (e.g., skilled labour, communications infrastructure, technology) are the crucial determinants of the capabilities and competitiveness of a nation. Advanced factors are declined by the efforts of the individuals, firms, institution and government in a country. Japan’s success may largely be attributed to its advanced factors creation rather than basic factors arability. A nation can overcome its deficiency or comparative disadvantage of basic factors endowment by focusing on creation of advanced factors to improve its competitive advantage. Demand Conditions The demand conditions in home market is important in stimulating domestic firms to undertake innovation and improve quality of products. When domestic buyers are sophisticated, a pressure in the market is created for the domestic firms to meet high standards of quality demanded. For example, Japanese knowledge buyers have induced the Japanese camera manufacturers to produce innovative models first in the home market and then for the exports. Similarly, local customers in Sweden have stimulated Ericsson to invest in cellular phone equipment industry much before the rising global demand. A nations demand conditions, thus, refer to: i. The nature of home buyers needs – their sophistication and fastidiousness ii. The size and pattern of growth of home market iii. The timing of development of demands relative to buyer in foreign markets iv. The knowledge presence of domestic buyers in foreign markets and their preferences. v. The timing of market saturation and challenges at home market provide a strong reason to acquire global competitive position to a business firm. Suppliers and Related Industries National advantage in an industry is also conditioned by the preserve of vigorous home-based suppliers of cost-effective and quality inputs or related supporting industries. For example, the US success in several electronic goods including personal computers is attributed to the growth of semiconductor industry in the country. Same is the case with Malaysia to some extent. Likewise, Sweden steel industry has contributed much to the success of Sweden’s output in ball bearings and cutting tools. Successful industrial growth in the exporting country may emerge on quantum of the growing clusters of related/supervising industries. German textile and approach sector is a chronic case in this regard – (textile machinery, sewing machine needles, textile clothes forming the cluster of textile exporting industry of the country). Ongoing coordination and just-in-time strategy is easy when such cluster industrial growth occurs in a nation.

Improvements in Public Health

Between 1840 and 1900 living conditions in towns improved. How did the work of government, local councils and individuals bring this about? In this essay I will discuss the conditions in towns between 1840 and 1900 and the improvements in Public health since 1840. While doing this I will link reasons together to achieve my final conclusion. I will begin with an explanation of living conditions in towns and cities in the early 19th century. Living in the early 19th Century was very tough for most people. At least 80% were working class. Houses where small and over crowded allowing diseases to spread easily. The air was polluted, poor and environment unhealthy because the people did not know about the causes and consequences of pollution. For example, coal burning from houses and factories was polluting the environment, but it was the main source of fuel. The environment was not just damaged by coal burning and the resulting sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide, it was also unbearable because of the terrible smell and insanitary living conditions. The smell was caused by the lack of sewerage system, public toilets (as only rich people could afford a toilet in the house), dirty water; unhygienic disposal of waste and the fact that cleaning methods were inadequate – no reliable products. The filth was particularly bad in the Soho district of London. In the late summer of 1854 there was a sudden outbreak of cholera. Dr John Snow quoted that it was â€Å"the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in the kingdom. † Over the first 3 days of September 127 people died that lived on or near Broad Street. In some parts of the city the mortality rate was just 12. 8%. Nobody knew were it came from. The city stunk of human waste and the river Thames was a sewer. As the city grew the waste was increasing. When there was heavy rain the basements were flooded. This meant that people living in the basement and the rest of the house were in contact with raw sewerage and this would also attract disease and vermin and spread infections. Everyone wanted a clean fresh city where they could breathe clean air, drink and wash in clean water and live and keep their belongings in clean houses. I believe that people's ignorance to the effects of their actions and the fact that they had no alternatives had a big impact on the living conditions in the early 19th century. This is because many people were so poor and uneducated; they had no choice but to live in these conditions. This was particularly relevant in London and main industrialised towns and cities where people moved from the country because many were losing their jobs. This was because the invention of machinery on work and therefore forced people to evacuate to bigger cities with more work needed. In the country they may only have been able to get seasonal work in the fields and they dreamt of a better life in the city where there was more regular work available in the factories. They needed to live in the bigger towns to have the opportunity to earn money in factories and workhouses. As London was rapidly growing, the health conditions got worse. Streets were filled with rubbish and dead animals and never cleaned. Street cleaners only clean roads with people living there who could afford to pay their wages. The fact that there was little public services for example there was no national health services and you had to pay for the health services, there was no clean running water, poor structured houses full of people, filth and germs round every corner and the fact that the homeless children and even some adults, as seen in the cartoon bellow, where rolling around in the waste on the streets. The picture is a cartoon drawn at a time when the government believed that looking after the poor, the old and the sick was the job of individuals and their families. They also believed in individualism and self help believing that if the government did too much for people they would become weak and dependent. This was named laissez faire. This is French for do little or nothing. It was there duty to make laws and deal with wars, but not to ‘babysit' the community. At the end of the 19th century, the city life was improving little by little. New laws, such as the 1875 Artisan's Dwelling Act, meant that better housing was being built. It was an act of the parliament designed by Richard Cross, Home Secretary. The Act made the owners give their slums to the council so they could demolish the areas of slum housing to be redeveloped by commercial builders with low interest. The Artisans Dwelling Act of 1885 was considered one of most significant acts of the Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli's presidency. The improvements to public heath brought real benefits. By this time cities had facilities to meet all kinds of interests, from dance halls to chapels. People joined together in a wide range of clubs and societies. There were nearly 700,000 allotments by 1881. Allotment holders held competitions for flowers and vegetables. Enthusiasts, usually men, took time to trouble over breeding birds such as pigeons or canaries. Choirs were very popular, usually as part of church or chapel life. Many played in brass bands, often sponsored by a factory-owner. By the end of the century, cycling had become a popular hobby with both sexes. Thousands began to spend their Saturday watching sport. Various kinds of football had been popular for centuries. They were crude rough games, with few rules. Now people lived in clean houses and apartments. In Birmingham Joseph Chamberlain made calls for slum clearance, improved housing, municipalisation of public utilities and higher taxes for the rich. He was elected as mayor of Birmingham in 1876. The middle class of Birmingham adored chamberlain. They all voted for what he fought for. He soon became Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone's lieutenant in the House of Commons and later in 1882 was appointed president of the Board of Trade in Gladstone's second ministry. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 was an act of Parliament that rehabilitated local government. It split the country into districts. Each district was responsible for running local services such as housing and education. They had commissioners to be in charge of each local council. The royal commission had eighteen members, two members for each district. A new law was made so middle class people were aloud to participate in the local council. They had annual elections each year, were a third of the council members up for election. They also elected aldermen to be part of the council with a six year term. Towns were divided into smaller areas were they had a local person to represent them on the local council. As previously highlighted in the early 19th century overcrowding, poverty, dirty environment and insanitary housing lead to disease. In 1843 Edwin Chadwick argued that poverty was caused by disease and that by curing diseases poverty would be reduced. Joseph Bazelgette who designed the sewage system, made sure that the flow of foul water and underground rivers was diverted along new sewers and taken the sewage treatment works and then pumped into Tidal Thames where it would be carried out to sea rather than stay in the previous â€Å"open sewer† of the Thames. His design was so good it has stood up to increases in volume of raw sewage. In 1848 the cholera epidemic spurred the government into action through public health measures followed by health measures for individuals. Many people thought cholera was air bourn but John Snow thought it entered the body through the mouth. He investigated a cholera outbreak in 1854 and carefully plotted all cases on a map of Soho where the outbreak occurred. He managed to identify a water pump as the source of the disease. When he removed the handle the causes of cholera immediately declined. It took another six years before this theory was more widely accepted. John Snow also made development in anaesthetics and made them safer and more effective for use on humans. Public health measures included: – The public health of 1888 gave all towns the right to employ a public health officer. – In 1853 public vaccinations against small pox were made compulsory. – In 1854 influence by Florence Nightingale and other campaigners, hospital hygiene was improved and hospitals became much cleaner places, helping to prevent the spread of disease. The 1875 Public Health Act required the clearance off slums, the installation of sewers, clean water supplies and better environment to live in. This was very successful as public health improved and local councils competed to be the best public health provider. This lead to the individual health measures introduced in the early 20th century e. g. free school meals in 1906, medical examinations for all children in 1907. Old age pensions introduced and in 1911 National Insurance (free medical treatment for workers. During the 19th century knowledge about the ways bodies work increased. William Beaumont (1822) studied the digestive system. Theodor Schwann (1858) realised that animal tissues were made of cells. Henry Gray (1858) wrote Grays anatomy and people started to have a broad knowledge of how their bodies worked. Louis Pasteur discussed that germs can cause disease rather that's the previous theory of spontaneous generation where diseases cause germs. This also led to the pasteur isation of milk. Robert Kock studied bacteria further and identified bacteria specific to the diseases septicaemia, TB and cholera and others discovered the bacteria that caused typhoid pneumonia and the plague. Patrick Manson 1879 discovered that diseases could be spread by vectors such as flies. Charles Chamberlain (1884) discovered viruses. Therefore understanding of disease was improving rapidly and there were some inventions that helped the treatment of disease also, e. g. multi lens microscope (Lister 1826) kymograph to measure pulse (1847 Ludwig) and x-rays (Roentgen 1895). At the beginning of the 19th century doctors would only provide comfort but by the end they could treat diseases and heal some patients with surgery. I believe the living conditions between 1840 and 1900 did improve. The government and local councils brought this about by clearing slums and areas of bad, dirty housing, supporting improvements in biology knowledge cleaning up sewers and improving local government, encouraging people to help themselves and no longer accepting poverty as something that can not be dealt with.

A Writing History Essay - 1274 Words

A Writing History Every great writer, whether it is a poet, novelist, journalist, or any other type will share a common beginning with every person, this I see. Where they take it from there is up to them, the choice is free. The common beginning is simple, even quite easy. It usually starts in kindergarten learning the ABCs. From there you learn to form and read words-the first step of literacy. In my opinion, writing can be fun, but it did not always seem that way to me. This paper will give a brief background on my steps in the writing experience; this is my writing history. Kindergarten, the first step. This is where I started to hate writing; it all began with the alphabet. Writing had a bad first impression on me. Every day†¦show more content†¦What I was writing was not as important to me as how I made it look. Thats where all my time and focus was spent. I was given a good opportunity to get into writing in the years that followed fifth grade. This opportunity was given to me in the form of journal writing in junior high (grades 6,7, and 8). A few people every day would read their journal out loud and you can tell that some of them really got into. I however, am sorry to say I let the chance pass me by. The journals had a given subjects to write about but they werent mandatory. I remember this one kid, Peter. Instead of writing about the journal topic he would write a Star Wars story. This other kid, Joey, reminded me of Pinky and The Brain. He would always write about ways to try and take over the world-again and again. Looking back I wish I had been as creative as those two young men. Instead I blew off the journal writing. To me it was just another busy work assignment. During that whole time period from, fifth grade through junior high, I had mainly listened to rap. Then rap was music to me and that was that. It had no special purpose in my life. 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Essay President George Washington Bush’s Second Inaugural...

Since President Abraham Lincoln’s great second inaugural address (May 4th 1865) nearly 150 years ago it was a long existing habit for the President’s inaugural address to present a quite ambiguous demand for diplomacy and transformation of the world. President Bush’s second inaugural address was no different. It set forth President Bush’s ambitious perception of the United States’ role in progressing of liberty, democracy, and freedom worldwide â€Å"with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world† . In spite of persuade his public to adhere to his arguably over ambiguous goal, President George W. Bush uses a rhetoric approach that blends parts of pathos and ethos with precise word choice to create ethically and emotionally charged†¦show more content†¦To create common ideals and values President Bush relies on the assumption that he has successfully created a common history by saying that because we have a common history â₠¬Å"America’s vital interests (ideals) and our deepest beliefs (values) are now one.† The establishment of common ethics is done in the same subtle manner as the establishment of common morals. When he is addressing the â€Å"peoples of the world† he is making promises on behave of the United States to support those who would seek liberty, freedom, and democracy. He then addresses his â€Å"fellow citizens† once again in paragraph 22 and says that we have â€Å"accepted obligations that are difficult to fulfill, and would be dishonorable to abandon.† In other words the US already has obligations to help the spread of freedom so either the audience supports his goal to end tyranny or they are dishonorable and thus unethical. Because President Bush’s address is ideological, it relies heavily on the assumption that his world views, religious views, and ideals line up with those of the audience. If there were discrepancies in any of the three, his argument would fall flat. He began his address by presenting his world view with the statement that, â€Å"for as long as whole regions of the world simmer in resentment and tyranny - prone to ideologies that feedShow MoreRelatedLaunching The Presidency. Dr. Kristen Coopie Allen. Alyssa1479 Words   |  6 PagesLaunching the Presidency Dr. Kristen Coopie Allen Alyssa Hamilton 5 April 2017 Inaugural Address Paper Inaugural addresses have in many respects been the first clear indication to the American public of what they have signed on to for the next four to eight years. Especially with the media in recent decades, elections have become so clouded in argument and contradiction that the inaugural address is our first chance to really listen to the new president’s goals and aspirations, without any significantRead MoreYales Five Stage Developmental Model - Ronald Reagan - Steps of First Campaign - Persuasion - Annalysis of Speeches2797 Words   |  12 PagesYale’s five stage developmental model gives us examples of what should happen from the beginning to end of a political campaign, product-line marketing scheme, or ideological campaign such as Christianity or Scientology. In the case of our 40th president, Ronald Reagan, you can see these steps put into action during his first run for the Presidential Office back in 1979. Yale’s model identifies the first step in the five stages as Identification. According to the text, Charles U. LarsonRead MoreThe Impact Of Black Friday On American Symbols, Values And Interests6556 Words   |  27 PagesCenter, New York City, around 9:00 a.m. local time. Half an hour later, the third jetliner crashed into the Pentagon, whereas the forth one, supposedly on its way to Washington D.C., crashed somewhere in Pennsylvania. However, the implications of that Black Tuesday were far more complicated than the mere reported facts. To President George W. Bush, the operations that were carried out against his country did not merely represent â€Å"acts of terror† on American symbols, values and interests, but they represented

Cyber Security And The Internet Essay - 1696 Words

The recent trend in the global business has been largely driven by the mechanism of the internet and more broadly the cyberspace. This has created a more elaborate platform for all business activities to be coordinated through an information system protocols. The information system is the management of the information data base of an organization or an institution. Information is assumed to be a significant asset, organisations strive to gather, retain and protect their valuable intellectual property to place them in a prominent business platform over their competitors. The proficiency and efficacy of the cyberspace in its application in accounting, finance, system designs, manufacturing etc., cannot be denied nor neglected. The reality of the twenty-first century is simple; no organization can survive without the adoption and implementation of the mechanism of information technology to their area of business. On the contrary perspective, there are several challenges that are associated with the cyberspace, among which is majorly cyber security. Recently the hackers’ activity has really skyrocketed and has become a major concern for organizations, states and federal governments and even international organizations. Several regulatory schemes are put in place to mitigate the activities of hackers across the globe. General Group General group was founded in Berlin in 1831 and has grown to be a major player in the banking, finance service/ insurance sector. The group’sShow MoreRelatedCyber Security And The Internet Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pagescomputers and the internet continues to take a toll in the current world, there arise risks concerning the protection of the confidentiality of information flow. This has necessitated the rise in information breaches thus compromising the privacy and confidentiality of the information. The technique of constructing secure systems, integrating hardware, software and human interface to attain secure interactions by use of cryptography is called cyber security (Wall, 2007). Cyber security entails the preservationRead MoreCyber Security And Internet Security Essay7416 Words   |  30 PagesThe term paper begins with a brief Introduction of CYBER SECURITY, This term paper is designed to give you information about vulnerabilities in CYBER SECURITY , Frameworks that get affected By CYBER SECURITY Measures to protect DATA SYSTEM in cyber security In the end it tells us about Various International Indian cyber security LAWS INTRODUCTION PC security, otherwise called cybersecurity or IT security, will be security connected to figuring gadgets, for example, PCs andRead MoreInternet Of Things And The Cyber Security6553 Words   |  27 PagesABSTRACT Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology where absolutely â€Å"everything† (devices), are being connected to the internet in order for them to be able to communicate with each other. The internet may be the World Wide Web or any other form of connectivity used to interconnect two or more devices remotely. This is all for the benefit of mankind. Man is creating this technology and advancing it so as to benefit from it in all possible means by reducing work and taskforce and increasingRead MoreCyber Security Threads And The Internet2221 Words   |  9 PagesCyber Security Threads As our daily work, communication, finance, and almost everything, depends on electronics and internet, cyber security becomes more important. The every-day use of the internet on different devices makes it easier for hackers to steal information from us. However, there are many way in which we can minimize the risk of being victims of such attacks. To keep our personal information safe and minimize the risk of being hacked, we should install security programs, avoid clickingRead MoreCyber Security And Internet Policy2188 Words   |  9 Pages Cyber Security and Internet Policy IT-644-OL: Technology, Law, and Policy Instructor: Martin Ignatovski Student: Akash Allamuneni Introduction: Cyber security threats change quickly as Internet increases, and also the related dangers are getting to be progressively international. Being covered against cyber security threats requires almost all end users, actually the most complex versions, to know the particular threats in addition to enhance their particular safety measuresRead MoreCyber Security Is Protecting The Internet1784 Words   |  8 PagesCyber Security is protection used as a defense to prevent unlawful access to information or to a computer system. When speaking in the realm of security in regards to computers or networks, the proper term to use is cyber security. This type of security is used as a defense to maintain a secure connection in cyberspace. Some might think that if they don’t use the internet it lessens the risk of a hacker getting their information. Cybersecurity is used to prevent cyber crimes which is a majorRead MoreThe Prospect And Challenges Of Cyber Security Insurance922 Words   |   4 Pagespresents the prospect and challenges of cyber security insurance among It practitioners in the United Kingdom based on the literature that had been reviewed in the process of writing this paper. This chapter will draw upon results of earlier studies and reports to provide a theoretical framework to answer the research questions of the paper. 2.1. Cyber security and its importance to the modern lives In line with technological advances and the evolution of the internet, more and more transactions are conductedRead MoreCyber Crime And Cyber Criminals844 Words   |  4 Pages Cyber crime is defined as any crime that involves a computer and network. Individuals, businesses and government agencies around the world constantly face threats to their medical information, consumer data, as well as company trade information and military decisions. Cyber security specialists are professionals that are specifically trained to protect individuals and organizations from cyber crime, hackers and scammers. Cyber criminals cause chaos Cyber criminals take pride in creating chaosRead MoreInternet Security And The Security System878 Words   |  4 Pagesusing Internet for entertainment, e-business and e-commerce, social networking, and communication to the people and business, but there have always been threats to the Internet Security. Internet security is major concern in field of technology, because there are various personal, business and government data on the Internet. Today every businesses and organizations have their own security system to reach their goal of information security. Internet security systems are created to reduce cyber attackRead MoreCyber Security Is A Needed Profession Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pages Cyber Security is a needed profession that affects all different sizes of companies due to a wide variety of different types of threats like malicious codes like illegal young adult content, malware, and spyware to computer viruses. Malware can be very serious that they have the ability to ea sily erase the whole entire computer to non dangerous easy fix like email viruses. We need cyber security to stop the numbers of threats around the world. There have been unprecedented rise in cyber attacks

Communication Marketing Management Digital -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Communication Marketing Management Digital? Answer: Introducation Novotel hotel is a premier beach hotel with 4-star accommodation facilities and it is a part of Accor Hotels Group. Novotel Hotel is situated in more than 60 countries with approximately 400 hotels and resorts. The first hotel under the name Novotel was established in 1967 in Lille Lesquin, France. Its headquarters is situated in Evry, France and approximately 30, 000 employees are working with this hotel across the globe. Organization has now decided to expand its operations and for the same, they had chosen the St. Kilda beachside location in order to expand their hotel business. This location has been chosen with the motive to attract the families to spend their vacations, for weekend trips as well as for the business class people as they are famous in providing leisured experience in business meetings and conferences. St Kilda location is surrounded by beach and with the finest locations of the city which helps the organization to attract large segment of audience in order to inc rease their turnover along with gaining the competitive advantage. Primary objective of setting up the hotel at the beachside is to provide the travellers sea view, relax and enriched experience along with various adventurous and entertainment related facilities. Staying at the beach side helps the people to reduce the stress level and along with this, it also helps them to gain unique peaceful and relaxing experience which helps the travellers to feel positive about the location. With the help of Novotel St Kilda, organization will be able to uplift its performance in the market along with gaining adequate competitive advantage in the target market. Apart from this, it is also necessary for the objective to increase the goodwill and brand value of the organization in Melbourne. With the help of Novotel St Kilda, organization will be able to attain its desired goals and the objectives (Novotel Hotels Resorts, 2018). Research methods This report is completed with the help of data collected from both resources i.e. primary as well as secondary source of research method. With the help of these methods, organization has gained the adequate information through which the accomplishment of the desired goals could easily be done. Primary research method includes two sources i.e. qualitative data and the quantitative data. Qualitative data helps the organization to gain the information in relevance with the demand of the product, scope of setting up the image of the brand in the target market. This includes surveys, feedback forms, interview sessions, and the like. With the help of these methods, organization will be able to gain statistical data in relevance with the customers feedbacks and their reviews. With this data, organization could launch the product or service in the target market along with making certain required amendments on the basis of target audiences requirements. This method also provides the relevant information with regards to the strategies used by the competitors and the products and services rendered and delivered by them to the target audience. With these types of data, organization could easily uplift its performance along with the gaining the competitive advantage through implementing unique and advanced strategies (Schroder, Mackaness Gittings, 2011). Further, quantities research method will help the Novotel Hotel to gain the knowledge in relevance with the customers favourability towards the hotels services and products. This will help the company to understand the effectiveness of their services and unique suggestions are also obtained from this type of research method which could be used for increasing the effectiveness of the services as well as to enhance the efficiency of the hotel in the competitive business environment (Liamputtong, 2013). Secondary research method includes the tools such as journals, articles, books, newspaper, and all other sources which provide adequate information. From these sources, organization could easily obtain information with regards to its competitors strategies, products and services delivered by them as well as the external environmental conditions. This information could be used for developing and adopting the strategies with the motive to gain the competitive advantage along with setting up the effective position in the target market (Bryman Bell, 2015). Current value analysis Value analysis is useful for the organizations in order to develop an effective brand image in the target market along with development of positive image in the international hotel industry. To establish the brand image, organization is required to examine the external business environmental conditions of the target market. With the help of this analysis, organization will be able to develop and adopt certain advanced strategies through which appropriate image could be developed in the target market. Value proposition of the Novotel Hotel are providing luxurious services to its target audience along with the development of an effective image amongst them. Novotel hotel provides accommodation facilities, food facilities and they also offer unique services such as pick and drop to its target audience. Along with this, they had positive image in the global hotel industry, they could also utilise the same while setting up the Novotel St Kilda. Apart from this, value analysis identifies t he position of the firm in the target market with various research methods available. In this report, mixture of primary and secondary research methods has been used to determine the position of the organization. With the help of this evaluation, organization has been able to identify and develop the crucial set of strategies which could help the Novotel group of hotels to set up Novotel St Kilda with the motive to provide leisured experience to its premium and other segment of audience (Clemes, Gan Ren, 2011). In order to enhance the demand of the hotel and its services in the target market, organization needs to adopt several strategies such as effective promotional and advertisement strategies. Along with these strategies, organization could use its official website for spreading awareness amongst its target and potential audience. This will help them to enhance the demand of the services introduced by the Novotel St Kilda hotel. Online booking facility should also be provided to the target audience through which organization would be able to cope up with its requirements along with the attainment of the desired goals and the objectives would also become an easier task. Novotel St Kilda hotel will also help the Australian economy in order to uplift the GDP rate which will ultimately increase the growth rate of the organization. It can be analysed that the purchasing power of Australians is quite high and it helps them to gain the experience of luxurious as well expensive services. This f actor could be utilised in an effective manner with the motive to uplift the organizational performance in the competitive business environment. The unique services provided the Novotel Hotel in Melbourne is the beachside view along with the stress free stay along with various unique activities which could help the audience to make the stay of its travellers leisured and memorable (Kang, Stein, Heo Lee, 2012). Apart from this, the Novotel group of hotels is majorly known for providing unique services to the business class people. It is expected to be one of the finest locations with the perfect escape for the business class and leisure travellers people. The Novatel St Kilda hotel will be established at the beach end which will help the hotel to increase its attractiveness. Along with this, it will also help the organization to gain large number of target audience along with the premium segment of the target market. Novotel Hotel is also known for providing healthy and safe staying environment which acts as the biggest strength as well as it helps the organization to develop a positive perception amongst the travellers and guests of the hotel. With this, they are also famous for using the high quality resources to increase the effectiveness of the hotels products and services. This factor will lead the organization to develop a strong position in the target market along with gaining adequa te competitive advantage. Along with these attractions, organization also focuses over discount and providing attractive offers strategy in terms to increase the revenues as well as to increase the brand name of the hotel in the target market. All offer and discount related list is being provided at the hotels official website along with this, for spreading the awareness amongst the public, marketing team of the hotel also uses the board hoardings and giving advertisement over television and other digital platforms (Tajeddini Trueman, 2012). Value position framework This framework consist various attributes through which the customers values in relevance with the products features and usefulness could be identified and evaluated. These are economic value, emotional value, functional value, and symbolic value and end value. Economic value for the customer describes that the money spent by the consumers should be equivalent to the satisfaction obtained from the consumption of particular product or service (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Emotional value describes that the attachment of the consumers towards the company and this could be measured by the frequent visit by the consumers in the hotel. Another value is functional value which says that the services provided by the organization are unique and those could not be found anywhere else. This aspect plays crucial role in terms to gain the competitive advantage in the target market. The last value relates to the consumers perceptions are symbolic value and it denotes to the corporate social responsibili ty fulfilled by the organization through rendering and delivering of the products and services (Shaw, Bailey Williams, 2011). Marketing promotion plan The primary objective of marketing promotion plan is to promote the companys products and services in the target market with the view to gain the desired position as well as to establish a strong position in the target market. Along with this, it is also beneficial in terms of uplifting the performance and it could be done with the help of various methods such as promotional campaigns, board hoardings and through other marketing activities (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker Brennan, 2015). Following are certain objectives of the organization which needs to be accomplished through setting up the Novotel St Kilda at the beach side: Attainment of the assumed goals and the objectives on the basis of managements expectations. Increasing the revenue of the organization from the Novotel St Kilda hotel by 15% approximately (Helm Gritsch, 2014). Setting up an effective image and developing the effective brand image in the target market. Covering the large part of the target market in the certain period of time with the view to ascertain the growth and expansion opportunities (Lee Kotler, 2011). Target market Target market for Novotel group of hotels is Melbourne currently and this city has been selected with the view to increase the global presence of the hotel along with reviewing the demand of the luxurious hotels over there. Along with the whole city, their primary market segment is the premium consumers who love to experience the leisured travelling and the business class people. In order to attract its target market audience, organization has decided to showcase the unique features and the capabilities of the Novotel St Kilda Hotel. Elements of promotional mix Promotional mix tools are effective in relevance with spreading awareness amongst the target audience. This tool is also essential for communicating with its target audience along with the spreading awareness in relevance with the promotions and the offers provided by the organization. For communicating with its target audience, organization uses various campaigns such as email marketing, direct selling, and the like. These strategies could also be utilised for promoting the products and services of the organization (Powers Loyka, 2010). Following are the crucial elements of promotional mix: Advertisement Advertisement strategies could be used for staying connected with its target audience as well as with the potential consumers. This could be done with the help of various advertisement campaigns and the sources such as advertisement through newspaper, magazines, pamphlets, board hoardings, and with the help of digital and internet sources. Along with these sources, companys official website could also be utilised. All these sources are effective enough to gain desired outcomes along with attaining the goals and the objectives of the organization (Kitchen Burgmann, 2010). Customer relationship Developing customer relationship is another crucial aspect for increasing the awareness amongst the target audience and it is also useful for retaining the customers for a long run. Providing additional discounts and unique offers to the frequent consumers of the hotel over the services of the hotel develops a positive and effective image (Sunday Bayode, 2011). There are certain another attributes such as direct marketing, sales promotion, personal selling and events. Along with this, organization could also utilise the available options such as advertisement of hotel through top rated websites like trivago, Qantas, and the like. Organization could also utilise the famous social media platforms like Facebook, instagram, and twitter (Khan, 2014). Competitive analysis Primary competitors of Crown Plaza Melbourne, Crown Plaza Melbourne, Melbourne metro pole central, Pan Pacific Melbourne, Best western plus Buckingham international, and the like. Novotel St Kilda could gain the competitive advantage it is situated at the beach end and this is the most attractive factor about this location which will help the travellers to experience the beautiful sea view from their rooms only. Along with the beachside hotel, another unique services provided by the hotel are rendering the services to make the travellers and guests refreshed and stress free (Chan Guillet, 2011). Apart from these factors, St Kilda is a beautiful location with pleasant weather conditions which makes the people feels relaxed and treasured. Management of the hotels have also adopted various strategies through which the guests will be served with unique entertainment facilities which would help the organization to uplift its performance as well as to fulfil its expectations in relevance with setting up an effective position in the target market (Zervas, Proserpio Byers, 2014). Budget allocation for the advertisement and promotional campaigns Social media: $45,000 Email marketing: $25,000 Other sources: $15,000 Television channels: $25, 00,000 Board Hoardings: $2, 00,000 Budget for events: $15, 00,000 Total $42, 85,000 Conclusion From the aforesaid discussion, it can be concluded that the effective marketing management and promotional plan includes various objectives and all of these are discussed in this report with the motive to expand the business of Novotel St Kilda Hotels business. This report includes research methods used for gathering the data, current value analysis for evaluating the needs and the value propositions of the consumers. Further, the report discuss about the marketing promotion plan with regards to enhance the demand of the hotels services in the target market. Along with this, target market, elements of promotional mix, and the budget allocation has been covered. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Chan, N. L., Guillet, B. D. (2011). Investigation of social media marketing: how does the hotel industry in Hong Kong perform in marketing on social media websites?.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,28(4), 345-368. Clemes, M. D., Gan, C., Ren, M. (2011). Synthesizing the effects of service quality, value, and customer satisfaction on behavioral intentions in the motel industry: An empirical analysis.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,35(4), 530-568. Helm, R., Gritsch, S. (2014). Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review,23(2), 418-428. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Kang, K. H., Stein, L., Heo, C. Y., Lee, S. (2012). Consumers willingness to pay for green initiatives of the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(2), 564-572. Khan, M. T. (2014). The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), 95. Kitchen, P. J., Burgmann, I. (2010).Integrated marketing communication. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Lee, N. R., Kotler, P. (2011).Social marketing: Influencing behaviors for good. Sage. Liamputtong, P. (2013).Qualitative research methods. Novotel Hotels Resorts. (2018). Accessed on 18th January 2018 from https://www.novotelmelbourne.com.au/ Powers, T. L., Loyka, J. J. (2010). Adaptation of marketing mix elements in international markets.Journal of global marketing,23(1), 65-79. Schroder, C. J., Mackaness, W. A., Gittings, B. M. (2011). Giving the rightroute directions: The requirements for pedestrian navigation systems.Transactions in GIS,15(3), 419-438. Shaw, G., Bailey, A., Williams, A. (2011). Aspects of service-dominant logic and its implications for tourism management: Examples from the hotel industry.Tourism Management,32(2), 207-214. Sunday, A., Bayode, B. (2011). Strategic influence of promotional mix on organisation sale turnover in the face of strong competitors.Business intelligence journal,4(2), 343-350. Tajeddini, K., Trueman, M. (2012). Managing Swiss Hospitality: How cultural antecedents of innovation and customer-oriented value systems can influence performance in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(4), 1119-1129. Zervas, G., Proserpio, D., Byers, J. W. (2014). The rise of the sharing economy: Estimating the impact of Airbnb on the hotel industry.Journal of Marketing Research.

Sociology 01 Essays - Gender, Sociology Of Gender, Feminism

Sociology 01 Gender Roles Essay Question #5 When analyzing gender roles in our age today, we are less likely to see the striking differences in the characteristics of men and women as they were portrayed let's say thirty years ago. However, a strong sense of Androcentricity still remains in not only our society but is stronger than ever in other societies around the world. From the beginning of time, from what we've learned in textbooks, television, and other sources of media, of course, the male figure has always been portrayed as powerful, the decision-maker, and the head of the household. When we think of prehistoric times, for instance, I could almost bet that mental picture of a caveman dragging a woman by the hair is embedded somewhere in the minds of many people of many ages around the world. Not only has this image been handed down to us but has also been part of our society and the world's for probably centuries. This is just a small example of how the male and female genders are and have been portrayed for hundreds o f years. The male, always strong and in command of the woman, is a role which has faded drastically but still leaves an impression when we analyze certain aspects of our society today. Since birth, we are already placed in our roles of male or female. The little baby boy, ninety percent of the time being wrapped in a blue blanket as soon as he leaves his mother's womb, and the little baby girl wrapped up in a pink blanket. This identification of color not only initializes the socialization process between both genders but also follows both males and females throughout their whole lives. Throughout childhood many things account for the gender roles we are placed into, such as the gifts we receive on our birthdays or the activities that we are encouraged to participate in. As a boy, I remember always wanting such things as action figures, toy guns, toy cars, and things of that nature for my birthday or for Christmas. I wasn't born liking those things, but these are the things that I w as taught little boys are supposed to like, if not by the media then by friends or family. This could be very well the reason why many men join the armed forces, feel some weird familiarity with guns and weapons, or often times feel they should be the ones driving the car as opposed to the woman having control of the vehicle. These symbols of power which are etched into men's minds from day one, are a big part in the shaping of the rest of their lives. I also remember the presents my sisters would receive on special occasions, which consisted of dolls, toy vanity sets, or tea and kitchen sets. One could say that giving a little girl a doll could be a symbol of motherhood, to prepare her for the future and the vanity set to emphasize the need to stay beautiful. These symbols also play a big role in how the life of a woman develops and is shaped. Another factor that plays a big role in gender identity and roles is our educational system and what we are taught. From the time we are in elementary school we learn about all these great historical figures in the fields of Science, Literature, and History and all their great discoveries and achievements. The majority of the discoveries and achievements highlighted are by the men and every so often throughout the book some great achievement is mentioned that highlights a historical female figure. This pattern of education was handcrafted hundreds of years ago and is still implemented in our schools today. Of course much has changed and today many women are recognized for outstanding achievements and honors, even to the point where some researchers in fields such as Sociology limit their research strictly to the lives of women. Such research is labeled as "feminist" and in the field of sociology is known as gynocentricity, or seeing the world from a female perspective. But as stated in Macionis' Sociology textbook, in a society so male-dominated as our own there is less chance that this